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1.1 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

DATA COMMUNICATIONS The term telecommunication means communication at a distance. The word data refers to information presented in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating and using the data. Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission medium such as a wire cable. Components Data Representation Data Flow Topics discussed in this section:

1.3 Data Communications Delivery Accuracy Timeliness Jitter

1.4 Figure 1.1 Five components of data communication

1.5 Data Representation Text: ASCII / Unicode Numbers: Direct representation Images: bit patterns Audio: continuous, not discrete. Video: continuous, or discrete.

1.6 Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

NETWORKS A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the network. Distributed Processing Network Criteria Physical Structures Network Models Categories of Networks Interconnection of Networks: Internetwork Topics discussed in this section:

1.8 Network Criteria Performance: Transit and response times Measured by throughput and delay Reliability: Frequency of failure, time to recover, robustness in catastrophe Security: Protection from unauthorized access

1.9 Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint

1.10 Figure 1.4 Categories of topology

1.11 Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

1.12 Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations

1.13 Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations

1.14 Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations

1.15 Figure 1.9 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

1.16 Figure 1.10 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

1.17 Wide Area Networks Long Distance Communications Switched WAN Complex backbone Example: X.25, Frame Relay, ATM. Point-to-point WAN Example: Leased line

1.18 Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

1.19 Figure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

THE INTERNET The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives. It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time. The Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use. A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs) Topics discussed in this section:

1.21 History Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) presents ARPANET 1969 – 4 ARPANET nodes (UCLA,UCSB,SRI,UU) 1972 – Vint Cerf,Bob Kahn, “Internetting Project”, 1973: Paper on protocols for end- to-end delivery: TCP Split into TCP (high level) and IP (low level)

1.22 Figure 1.13 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS In this section, we define two widely used terms: protocols and standards. First, we define protocol, which is synonymous with rule. Then we discuss standards, which are agreed-upon rules. Protocols Standards Standards Organizations Internet Standards Topics discussed in this section:

1.24 Protocols Syntax: Structure or format of data Semantics: Meaning of each section of bits Timing: When and how fast can data be sent

1.25 Standards De Facto: Not approved by an organization, evolved over widespread use Examples: QWERTY, MP3, HTML,.DOC, button holes De Jure: Standard created by an official body Examples: Currencies, official language, measurement system, side of the road to drive

1.26 Standards Organizations International Organization for Standardization (ISO): From various governments. For scientific, technological, and economic activities International Telecommunications Union- Telecommunication Standards Sector (ITU-T): United Nations, CCITT committee. 1993, name changed to ITU-T American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Private, non-profit organization, not government. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): Largest professional engineering society. Internet Standards: Tested specifications called Request for Comments (RFC).