America: Pathways to the Present Chapter 20 The Postwar Years at Home (1945–1960) Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

America: Pathways to the Present Section 1: The Postwar Economy Section 2: The Mood of the 1950’s Section 3: Domestic Politics and Policy Chapter 20: The Postwar Years at Home (1945–1960) Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

The Postwar Economy How did businesses ______________ after World War II? How did technology ______________ life after World War II? In what ways did the nation’s work force ______________ following World War II? Why did suburbs and ______________ systems grow after World War II? How did postwar conditions affect ______________ credit? Chapter 20, Section 1

Businesses Reorganize The postwar years were a time of great economic growth in America. Between 1945 and 1960, the per ______________ income, or average ______________ income per person, rose considerably. American businesses switched from providing war needs to meeting increasing demand for ______________ products. In order to protect against economic downturns, many formed ______________, corporations made up of three or more ______________ businesses. The ______________ system, in which small businesses contract with ______________ parent companies for goods and ______________, flourished. Chapter 20, Section 1

Technology Transforms Life Developments in Technology During the 1950s Television — Television becomes a popular and powerful ______________. Computers and Electronics — The invention of the ______________, a tiny circuit device that ______________, controls, and generates electrical signals, revolutionizes ______________ and radios. Nuclear Power — Wartime nuclear research is put to peacetime use in ______________ power plants and ______________ submarines. Advances in Medicine — Dr. Jonas Salk develops a vaccine against ______________; advances in ______________ and surgical techniques save countless lives. Chapter 20, Section 1

Changes in the Work force White Collar Workers Corporate expansion created more white-collar jobs. Office work was less dangerous and exhausting than ______________ work, and provided more opportunity for advancement. White collar workers often had little ______________ to their companies’ products, and often felt pressure to dress, think, and act ______________. Blue Collar Workers New machines reduced the number of manual labor- intensive ______________. Working conditions and ______________ improved. Labor ______________ won important gains; the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations merged to form the powerful AFL-CIO. Chapter 20, Section 1

The Baby Boom The baby ______________, or rise in birth rates, that had begun in the 1940s continued into the 1950s. Chapter 20, Section 1

Suburbs, Cars, and Highways ______________ Growth The GI Bill of ______________ gave returning soldiers low- income mortgages, enabling many to buy homes in newly built ______________. Developers such as William J. Levitt built entire ______________ quickly and on one mold, using preassembled materials. Although most ______________ enjoyed living in communities such as Levitt’s, others complained that the new developments lacked ______________. Cars and ______________ The growth of suburbs led more Americans to rely on cars for everyday ______________. More and better roads were needed to support the increase in ______________. The 1956 ______________ Highway Act provided billions of dollars to build an interstate ______________ system. Cars became part of American culture as new ______________ such as ______________ movies emerged. Chapter 20, Section 1

The Growth of Consumer Credit ______________ companies began offering credit cards with which consumers could purchase their product. Soon, lending agencies began to offer ______________ cards as well. Consumer ______________ rose as Americans used their ______________ cards to purchase ______________ machines, vacuum cleaners, ______________ sets, and other consumer products. Chapter 20, Section 1

The Mood of the 1950s Why were comfort and ______________ so important to Americans in the 1950s? What were the accepted roles of ______________ and ______________ during the 1950s? How did some people challenge ______________ during the 1950s? Chapter 20, Section 2

Comfort and Security Enjoying ______________ and recovering from war and economic depression, most Americans in the 1950s valued ______________ over adventure. Youth in the 1950s enjoyed more time for ______________, and for ______________, than youth in earlier generations. Businesses marketed products such as ______________ and ______________ to youths, reinforcing images of what it meant to be a teenager. Partially in response to the threats of communism and ______________ war, many Americans renewed their interest in religion. References to God were added to the Pledge of ______________ and imprinted on U.S. ______________. Chapter 20, Section 2

Men’s and Women’s Roles Men and women were expected to play strictly defined ______________ in the 1950s. While men were expected to hold ______________ and support their families, women were expected to perform ______________ duties. Nevertheless, more and more married women began ______________ outside the home, some to ______________ their families and others for the sense of satisfaction they derived from holding ______________. Some women, notably Betty ______________, desired more freedom in choosing ______________ roles than the 1950s cultural climate allowed. Chapter 20, Section 2

Youthful Rebellions Rock-and-Roll Rock-and-roll, a style of music based on black rhythm and ______________, became popular among ______________ in the 1950s. Many adults disliked rock- and-roll music, claiming that it encouraged ______________. Popular with both black and white teenagers, rock-and-roll threatened those who were comfortable with racial ______________. Beatniks Beatniks, many of whom were artists and writers, launched a movement that stressed ______________ and rejected money and ______________. Beatniks shocked many Americans with their open ______________ and use of illegal ______________. Author Jack ______________ embodied the Beatnik spirit for many Americans. Chapter 20, Section 2

Domestic Politics and Policy What were Truman’s ______________ policies as outlined in his Fair ______________? How did Truman win the election of 1948? What was the ______________ approach to government during the ______________ presidency? Chapter 20, Section 3

Truman’s Domestic Policies The Peacetime Economy — ______________, the social and economic transition from ______________ to peacetime, resulted in discrepancies between wages and prices. The Taft-Hartley Act of ______________ required a cooling-off period during which workers on ______________ from industries affecting the national interest had to return to work. The Fair Deal — Modeled on Roosevelt’s ______________ Deal, Truman’s Fair Deal was a set of proposals for postwar ______________ improvement. Although some measures passed, many were rejected by ______________. Truman on Civil Rights — Truman formed the ______________ Committee on Civil Rights in 1946 to address concerns of African Americans; opposition in ______________ meant that change came slowly. Chapter 20, Section 3

The Election of 1948 Although Truman’s Democratic Party was ______________ and support for him was disintegrating, Truman chose to seek another term as President in With a blunt but effective campaign style, Truman won the election despite polls’ ______________ against him. In response to Roosevelt’s unprecedented ______________ terms as President, the Twenty- second ______________ was passed in This amendment specified that no President could serve more than ______________ elected terms. Chapter 20, Section 3

Eisenhower and the Republican Approach Although the language of the Twenty-second Amendment allowed Truman to run for President again in 1952, he chose ______________ to do so. Republican Dwight Eisenhower and his running mate, Richard ______________, were able to turn accusations about illegal campaign funding into ______________ for their campaign. As President, Eisenhower advocated Modern ______________, an approach to government involving conservative economic policies but ______________ social policies. Eisenhower’s administration favored big ______________ and ending government competition for offshore ______________ lands. However, his presidency was marked by several economic ______________. Chapter 20, Section 3

Meeting the Technology Challenge NASA In response to Americans’ fears that Soviet ______________ was ______________ to their own, the United States formed the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in NASA was created as an ______________ agency dedicated to space exploration. National Defense Education Act To meet the ______________ and technical challenge from the Soviet Union, the National Defense Education Act was passed in This act provided low-cost loans to college students, incentives for teaching math and ______________, and money for building ______________ and foreign language facilities in schools. Chapter 20, Section 3