© 2001 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc 1 A Cumulative Model for Understanding Behavior Personal Tendency Toward Behavior Situational Tendency Toward Behavior ______________________________________

© 2001 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc 2 Genetics 90% of height 70% of major depression 60% of intelligence 50% of smoking 40% of personality 40% of job satisfaction 50% of criminality 50% of aggression Many mental health problems

© 2001 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc 3 Physiological Influences Head injuries and brain abnormalities Neurotransmitters Hormones Arousal levels Diet Physical appearance Illness and disability

© 2001 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc 4 Physical Appearance Infancy –attractive babies are held, cuddled, and kissed more Attractive Children –have more friends –are seen by teachers as being smarter –are disciplined less often Adolescence –attractive teens have more dates Attractive Adults –receive higher interview scores –receive higher performance appraisal scores –are sent to jail less often –are committed to mental health facilities less often –receive more help in emergencies

© 2001 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc 5 Physical Attractiveness and Crime Masters and Graves (1967) –60% of criminals have facial defects –20% of controls Thompson (1990) –Reviewed 9 studies and found that in 6, recidivism decreased after plastic surgery

© 2001 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc 6 Learning History Types of Learning –Social learning –Operant conditioning We Learn –Consequences –How to be reinforced –Anger and resentment –Social needs and skills –Attachment to the community –Coping skills

© 2001 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc 7 Learning Influences Developmental era Where we were raised Family Friends School and church Gender, race, and culture Significant emotional events

© 2001 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc 8 Developmental Era

© 2001 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc 9 Urban vs. Rural Background Difference Result CrimeLack of trust TrafficPatience Pace of lifeEnergy CrowdingStress, friendliness Variety of entertainmentUrbanity Variety of culturesSensitivity High school sportsCompetitiveness

© 2001 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc 10 Birth Order Only child –higher intelligence –more independent First born –achievement oriented –conservative Middle born –outgoing –good social skills Youngest –creative –rebels

© 2001 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc 11 Demographics Gender Race National origin Religion Disability Age

© 2001 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc 12 Television and the Media We watch five hours of TV per day 8 of 10 shows contain violence Cartoons have 18 acts of violence per hour Romance and sex Exposure to tragedy

© 2001 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc 13 When is Our Personality Set? Birth Freud Massey Never Significant emotional events

© 2001 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc 14 Situational Factors Environmental stress –frustration –heat, noise, darkness, crowding Behavior of others Time and resource limitations Competing values Availability of alternatives

© 2001 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc 15 Cognitive Reasoning Expectancy theory –Expectancy –Instrumentality –Valence Reasoning is affected by –Alcohol and drugs –Anger –Stress –Emotion –Intelligence –Knowledge/experience

© 2001 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc 16 Opportunity

© 2001 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc 17 Personality Characteristics

© 2001 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc 18 Communication Styles