1 A Cumulative Model for Understanding Behavior Personal Tendency Toward Behavior Situational Tendency Toward Behavior ______________________________________

2 Genetics 90% of height 70% of major depression 60% of intelligence 50% of smoking 40% of personality 40% of job satisfaction 50% of criminality 50% of aggression Many mental health problems

3 Physiological Influences Head injuries and brain abnormalities Neurotransmitters Hormones Arousal levels Diet Physical appearance Illness and disability

4 Physical Appearance Infancy  attractive babies are held, cuddled, and kissed more Attractive Children  have more friends  are seen by teachers as being smarter  are disciplined less often Adolescence  attractive teens have more dates Attractive Adults  receive higher interview scores  receive higher performance appraisal scores  are sent to jail less often  are committed to mental health facilities less often  receive more help in emergencies

5 Physical Attractiveness and Crime Masters and Graves (1967)  60% of criminals have facial defects  20% of controls Thompson (1990)  Reviewed 9 studies and found that in 6, recidivism decreased after plastic surgery

6 Learning History Types of Learning  Social learning  Operant conditioning We Learn  Consequences  How to be reinforced  Anger and resentment  Social needs and skills  Attachment to the community  Coping skills

7 Learning Influences Developmental era Where we were raised Family Friends School and church Gender, race, and culture Significant emotional events

8 Developmental Era

9 Birth Order Only child  higher intelligence  more independent First born  achievement oriented  conservative Middle born  outgoing  good social skills Youngest  creative  rebels

10 Demographics Gender Race National origin Religion Disability Age

11 Television and the Media We watch five hours of TV per day 8 of 10 shows contain violence Cartoons have 18 acts of violence per hour Romance and sex Exposure to tragedy

12 When is Our Personality Set? Birth Freud Massey Never Significant emotional events

13 Situational Factors Environmental stress  frustration  heat, noise, darkness, crowding Behavior of others Time and resource limitations Competing values Availability of alternatives

14 Cognitive Reasoning Expectancy theory  Expectancy  Instrumentality  Valence Reasoning is affected by  Alcohol and drugs  Anger  Stress  Emotion  Intelligence  Knowledge/experience

15 Opportunity

16 Personality Characteristics

17 Communication Styles