Blood SBI 3U Ms. Raper

Function of Blood Transport oxygen - oxyhemoglobin Transport nutrients: - glucose, amino acids, Transport wastes – CO 2, urea, water Transport hormones – adrenalin, sex hormones etc. Transport heat – Clotting during injury Provide immune response: - white blood cells

Plasma

Cells

Whole Blood consists of… % Plasma – a straw coloured liquid that contains - nutrients - antibodies - clotting factors - hormones % Blood Cells - RBC (Erythrocytes) - WBC (Leucocytes) - Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Red Blood cells … Made in the Bone Marrow and Destroyed in the Spleen. Live for about 120 days Are flexible to squeeze through blood capillaries. Contain Hemoglobin Are Bi-concave discs Have no nucleus

Red Blood cells are BICONCAVE discs.

How do Red blood Cells carry Oxygen? Hemoglobin + Oxygen = Oxyhemoglobin dark purple/red bright red Oxyhemoglobin is unstable and readily dissociates back into hemoglobin and free oxygen.

Red blood cell diseases Anaemia – too few red blood cells maybe because of low Iron. Normal Low Iron

Sickle Cell disease – RBC are not round but sickle shaped, (genetic mutation for assisting in Malaria prevention) results in blood cells being destroyed prematurely. Malaria Parasite – Plasmodium inside a RBC

Liver or Kidney disease causes RBC to be damaged or destroyed Your normal RED BLOOD CELL COUNT or Hb is between 12 and 14, (some hospitals measure this as 120 to 140, both are correct, just different units used).

White Blood Cells…. are made in the bone marrow are responsible for “fighting” disease. are various types contain a nucleus Together they make up the total white blood count - normally 4 to 10. (Which is actually 4,000 to 10,000 white blood cells per cubic millimetre of blood!!!)

Neutrophil Monocyte Lymphocyte Eosinophil Basophil

Normal blood smear (right), compared to Infection (left)

Infectious Mononucleosis (“Mono”) shows Atypical Lymphocytes.

Platelets… are made in the bone marrow Concerned with blood clotting. Contain an enzyme that is released when the platelets are damaged. This enzyme triggers clotting Circulate in the blood for about 10 days then die. Your normal PLATELET COUNT is between 150 and 400 (Which is actually 150,000 to 400,000 per cubic millimetre of blood!!!)

Platelets form part of the network of a clot.

Blood Groups “In 1901 Karl Landsteiner demonstrated the existence of blood group antigens on human red blood cells as well as antibodies directed against those antigens in human sera.” (

Vienna, Nov 20th, 1890 “In the last few days several patients with more or less serious wounds were taken to hospital. One patients had suffered an open fracture during an accident, another one had internal injuries and a third one had suffered a knife wound during a quarrel. Even though these patients had completely different injuries, all of them had suffered great losses of blood so that they needed a blood transfusion. Some patients recovered from their injuries quickly whereas the condition of other patients turned from bad to worse and some of them even died within a short time. When they were examined to find out the reason for their sudden death it was found that their red blood cells had clumped together i. e. formed sort of blood clots in the blood vessels.”

Landsteiner's experiment Blood Red blood cells Serum Störk Pletschni g SturliErdheimZaritsch Landstei ner Störk Pletschni g Sturli Erdheim Zaritsch Landstei ner clumping no clumping

Genotype Blood group phenotype Antigens on erythrocytes Serum antibodies AA or AOAAAnti-B BB or BOBBAnti-A AB A and BNone OOONoneAnti-A and Anti-B

Fig 2. ABO Tile Grouping anti-Aanti-Banti-A+B group A group B group AB group O

The various ABO blood groups occur in the average population of the US in the proportions shown here. 45% of the population are type O, 42% type A, 10% type B and 3% type AB. These percentages vary within different ethnic groups. In addition there is another type antigen to be considered. The Rh antigen.

Remember! Every cell has surface proteins that helps the body identify it ency/fullsize/9125.jpg

Rh Factor Another key substance in the blood is the Rh or Rhesus factor (named after the monkeys in which it was located) People either have the factor and are then Rh + (positive) or you don’t have the factor - Rh - (negative) Rh is a dominant trait.

Rh + Phenotype Rhesus + Rh + Genotype either RR or Rr Rh - Phenotype & Genotype - rr

According to the blood grouping systems, you can belong to either of following 8 blood groups: A Rh+B Rh+AB Rh+0 Rh+ A Rh-B Rh-AB Rh-0 Rh- This means that there are 8 possible ABO Blood groups.

Rh. Problems in Pregnancy. Rh + Man and Rh - Woman Because Rh is a dominant allele there is a 50:50 chance the man will have the Genotype Rr or RR If he is RR then his children will inherit the dominant allele and be Rh + this will cause the woman to develop antibodies to her unborn babies blood and try to destroy it.

A red blood cell (RBC) with three different antigens on the surface of its membrane. The antigens are glycoproteins with unique molecular shapes.

Agglutination

Distribution of the B type blood allele in native populations of the world

Distribution of the A type blood allele in native populations of the world

Distribution of the O type blood in native populations of the world

Also….