Copyright © 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 1 This product was funded by a grant awarded under the President’s Community-Based Job Training Grants as implemented by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment & Training Administration. The information contained in this product was created by a grantee organization and does not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Labor. All references to non-governmental companies or organizations, their services, products, or resources are offered for informational purposes and should not be construed as an endorsement by the Department of Labor. This product is copyrighted by the institution that created it and is intended for individual organizational, non- commercial use only.

Copyright © 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 3 Circulatory System Blood consists of 45% formed elements and 55% fluid. Total Blood Volume: About 5 liters Fluid Portion = Plasma Takes 2 ml whole blood to yield 1 ml plasma

Copyright © 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 4 Circulatory System (cont.) Formed elements of the blood are: – Erythrocytes (red blood cells) * Transport oxygen – Leukocytes (white blood cells) * Disease fighting – Thrombocytes (platelets) * Clotting

Copyright © 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 5 Formed Cellular Elements of the Blood System (p. 103)

Copyright © 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 6 Types of Mature Leukocytes (just be aware that there are different types) (test called: WBC Differential)

Copyright © 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 7 Complete Blood Count The complete blood count (CBC) consists of a count of the number of formed elements in the patient’s blood. One of the most commonly ordered lab tests! The CBC is used as a general screening of the patient’s health. Usually accompanying the CBC is a differential count of the different types of white blood cells.

Copyright © 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 8 Arteries and Veins of the Circulatory System page 108 text Arteries have thicker walls than veins because of the pressure exerted by the heart. Arteries are part of the circulatory system that leaves the heart. Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood

Copyright © 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 9 Arteries and Veins of the Circulatory System (cont.) Veins are the part of the circulatory system that return to the heart. Veins contain valves that keep the blood flowing in one direction. Veins carry the oxygen-poor blood back to the heart and lungs

Copyright © 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 10 Coronary Arteries and Veins (cont.) Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle. When the coronary arteries become occluded, there is the possibility of a myocardial infarction (MI).

Copyright © 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 11 Steps in the Clotting of Blood Uncoagulated blood Calcium utilized Prothrombin converts to thrombin. Fibrinogen converts to fibrin. Clot formation with serum extraction occurs.

Copyright © 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 12 Separation of Plasma or Serum from the Blood Centrifuge is used to separate the layers of the blood. Serum is removed from the clot. Plasma is removed from the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets from anticoagulated blood.

Copyright © 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 13 Serum vs. Plasma Plasma = liquid portion of whole blood separated from formed elements without clotting first Plasma requires anticoagulated blood specimen Serum = liquid portion of whole blood separated from formed elements after clotting

Copyright © 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 14 Separation of Blood in a Tube

Copyright © 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 15 Venipuncture Sites Median cubital vein of the antecubital fossa (bend of the arm) is the vein of choice for most phlebotomy procedures. Know diagram p. 119

Copyright © 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 16 Alternate Venipuncture Sites Back of the hand NEVER: Wrist vein in line with the thumb NEVER: The ankle or foot (requires specific physician’s approval & training) NEVER: Arterial punctures

Copyright © 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 17 Chap. 4 Review questions p omit 8, 9, 10, 11