LEARNING GOAL 5: EXAMINE THE USES AND EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR RADIATION ON HUMANS OR OTHER ORGANISMS. Energy Unit

All living things contain living cells. We have many different types of cells which perform different functions including: Skin cells. Red blood cells (they transport oxygen around the body) White blood cells (they fight infection). Nerve cells. Muscle cells. Brain cells. Radiation can kill living cells or change the nature of living cells. Radiation may be absorbed by the medium it passes through.

The Effects of Ionising Radiation Ionising radiation can kill or change the nature of living cells. The effects of the damage inflicted by the ionising radiation may: be severe and cause immediate effects, or not become apparent for a long time. The biological effect of radiation depends on: The type of radiation. The type of body tissue or body organ that absorbs the radiation. The total amount of energy absorbed.

Effects of Radiation  ryday/ ryday/  Somatic Damage  Damage to the organism itself  Genetic Damage  Damage to an organisms gene that would affect future generations.

Radiation Causes Ionizations of: ATOMS which may affect MOLECULES which may affect CELLS which may affect TISSUES which may affect ORGANS which may affect THE WHOLE BODY

Direct Effect  Damage to DNA from ionization.

Indirect Effect  Radiation interacting with the water in a cell, rather then the DNA.  Could lead to the braking of bonds in the water molecule that could lead to toxic substances.

Ionizing radiation induces direct DNA damage and indirect damage through the radiolysis of water. Morgan W F, Sowa M B PNAS 2005;102: ©2005 by National Academy of Sciences

Short-Term Effects of Radiation Short-term effects usually occur when there’s a large amount of exposure to radiation.

Effects of Short-Term Exposure Dose (rem)Clinical Effect 0-25Nondetectable 25-50Temporary decrease in white blood cell counts Strong decrease in white blood cell counts 500Death of half the exposed population within 30 days after exposure. rem – a unit invented to indicate the danger radiation poses to humans.

Long-Term Effects of Radiation These effects take longer to become apparent and can be caused by much lower levels of radiation. Uranium miners tended to get lung cancer due to breathing in gases which emitted alpha particles. People who painted the dials of clocks with luminous paint developed one cancer from using their lips to make points on the brushes. One of the most important long-term effects of radiation is that of cancer in various parts of the body.

High Dose Effects Dose (Rad) radiation absorbed dose Effect Observed 15-20Blood count changes in a group of people. 50Blood count changes in an individual. 100Vomiting (threshold) 150Death (threshold) LD 50/60 with minimal care LD 50/60 with supportive medical care 1,100LD 50/60 with intensive medical care (bone marrow transplant)

More than 2,000 rad: Death is a certainty. At doses above 5,000 rad, the central nervous system (brain and muscles) can no longer control the body functions, including breathing and blood circulation. Everything happens very quickly. Death occurs within days or hours. Nothing can be done, and medical care is for comfort only. 1,000 to 2,000 rad: The probability of death increases to 100% within one to two 2000 rad weeks. The initial symptoms appear immediately. A few days later, things get very bad, very quickly since the gastrointestinal system is destroyed. Once the GI system ceases to function, nothing can be done, and medical care is for comfort only. 150 to 1,100 rad: Severe blood changes will be noted and symptoms appear immediately. Approximately two weeks later, some of those exposed may die. At rad, up to one half of the people exposed will die within 30 days without intensive medical attention. Death is due to the destruction of the blood forming organs. Without white blood cells, infection is likely. At the lower end of the dose range, isolation, antibiotics, and transfusions may provide the bone marrow with time to generate new blood cells, and full recovery is possible. At the upper end of the dose range, a bone marrow transplant may be required to produce new blood cells. 50 to 150 rad: Slight blood changes including temporary drop in production of new blood cells will be noted and likely symptoms of nausea, fatigue and vomiting for one or two days. 5 to 50 rad: Slight blood changes may be detected by medical evaluation Less than 5 rad: No immediate observable effects

Exposure Source Millirems Natural: Radon Other Occupational0.90 Nuclear Fuel Cycle 0.05 Consumer Products 5-13 Environmental Sources 0.06 Medical: Diagnostic X- rays Nuclear Medicine Approximate Total 360

Uses of Radioactive Substances

Industry  Used to measure the thickness of materials and to detect defects in metals and materials.  Power space craft.  Clean toxic pollutants.  Improve food production.

Everyday Uses  Smoke Detectors Rely on tiny radioactive source to sound the alarm when it sense smoke form a fire.  Nonstick pans Treated with radiation to ensure that the coating sticks to the surface.

Everyday Uses WWatches and Clocks MModern watches and clocks sometimes use a small quantity of hydrogen-3 (tritium) or promethium-147 as a source of light. Older (for example, pre-1970) watches and clocks used radium-226 as a source of light. CCeramics CCeramic materials (for example, tiles, pottery) often contain elevated levels of naturally occurring uranium, thorium, and/or potassium. GGlassware AAntique glassware with a yellow or greenish color, can contain easily detectable quantities of uranium. CCosmetics, Hair Products, Contact Lenses Sterilized with radiation to remove irritants and allergens.

GGas Lantern Mantles WWhile it is less common than it once was, some brands of gas lantern mantles incorporate thorium-232. AAntique Radioactive Curative Claims IIn the past, primarily 1920 through 1950, a wide range of radioactive products were sold as cure-alls. FFor example, radium-containing pills, pads, solutions, and devices designed to add radon to drinking water.

Food Irradiation  Food irradiation is a method of treating food in order to make it safer to eat and have a longer shelf life.

Medical Uses

Nuclear Power NNuclear reactors are devices that control fission reactions producing new substances and energy. Steam is created from the heat (energy) produced. The steam turns the turbines to produce electric energy.

A Fission Reactor

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company Figure 19.7: Schematic of the reactor core. /asset/phy03_vid_threemile/ main.org/asset/phy03_ vid_meltdown/ works.com/sl1reactor.htm

Nuclear Power Advantages Nuclear power costs about the same as coal, so it's not expensive to make. Does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect. Produces huge amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel. Produces small amounts of waste. Nuclear power is reliable. Disadvantages Although not much waste is produced, it is very, very dangerous. The waste must be sealed up and buried for many years to allow the radioactivity to die away. Nuclear power is reliable, but a lot of money has to be spent on safety - if it does go wrong, a nuclear accident can be a major disaster. people are increasingly concerned about this - in the 1990's nuclear power was the fastest-growing source of power in much of the world. Now, in 2005 it's the second slowest-growing.

Weapons  A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or a combination of fission and fusion.nuclear reactions fissionfusion