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2 Feasibility Study for Development of Transport Pollution Control Plan for Karachi Metropolis (CDGK)

3 OBJECTIVES Identification of Transport Sector Issues and Creation of Environmental Baseline Data for 26 traffic intersections Assessment of Environmental impact of pollution generated by vehicular traffic Recommendation of remedial measures and course of action to control pollution

4 Establish baseline on quality of air, water, soil, groundwater in the city (26 traffic intersections). Assess the impact of pollution generated by operation of vehicular traffic on physical, living and Assess the impact of pollution generated by operation of vehicular traffic on physical, living and social environment Identification of the need to improve vehicle technology Devise a mechanism to monitor performance of vehicles, their repair and maintenance and inspection systems SCOPE OF STUDY

5 North Nazimabad Gulshan Chorangi Karimabad Liaqatabad #10 Nazimabad Drig Road Station Sohrab Goth Tin Hatti FTC Garden Road Guru Mandir Mazar-e-Quaid Old Numaish KPT Gul Bai Mauripur Road Tower Ziauddin Road Baloch colony By- Pass Tibbat Center Empress Market Maulvi Musafir Khana Teen Talwar Sunset Boulevard Korangi Road

6 DESIGNATED MONITORING SITES 1.Sohrab Goth 2.Karimabad 3.Liaqatabad #10 4.Tin Hatti 5.Guru Mandir 6.Old Numaish 7.Garden Road / M.A. Jinnah Road Intersection 8.Tibet Centre 9.Maulvi Musafir Khana 10.Merewether Tower 11.Ziauddin Road / Chundrigar Road Intersection 12.Burns Road 13.Garden Road / Preedy Street Intersection 14. Empress Market 15.Metropole Hotel 16.Finance & Trade Centre 17.Teen Talwar 18.Sunset Boulevard / Gizri Road Intersection 19.Korangi Road / Baloch Colony Bypass Intersection 20. Drigh Road Station 21.Karachi Port Trust (KPT) 22.Mauripur Road 23.Gulbai Intersection 24.Nazimabad 25.North Nazimabad 26.Gulshan Chowrangi 27.SUPARCO Headquarters (Ref. pt.) 28.Inside Maritime Museum Compound on Karsaz/Ibrahim Rahamtulla Road (ref. pt.)

7 Corridor 1. Corridor 1.Merewether Tower  Mawlvi Musafir Khana  Tibbet Center  M.A. Jinnah Road/Garden Road Intersection  Old Numaish  Guru Mandir  Tin Hatti  Liaqatabad # 10  Karimabad  Sohrab Goth  Super Highway Corridor 2. Corridor 2.Merewether Tower  Burns Road  Garden Road/Preedy Street Intersection  Empress Market  Finance & Trade Center  Sharae Faisal  Drigh Road  Malir  Landhi  National Highway Corridor 3. Corridor 3.Merewether Tower  Ziauddin Road and Chundrigar Road Intersection  Metropole Hotel  Finance & Trade Center  Sharae faisal  Drigh Road  Gulshan Chowrangi  Sohrab Goth Corridor 4. Corridor 4.Merewether Tower  Teen Talwar  Sunset Boulevard  Korangi/Baloch Colony Intersection  Darul Uloom Road Korangi Industrial Area  Landhi Industrial Area  Port Qasim  Steel Mills  National Highway  Toll Plaza (Malir River Crossing)  Super Highway Corridor 5. Corridor 5.Merewether Tower  Karachi Port Trust  Mauripur Road  Gul Bai Intersection  Ghani Chowrangi  Nazimabad  North Nazimabad  Sohrab Goth Corridors based on Traffic Flow

8 Corridors for Pollution Modeling

9 Level of Different Pollutants Along Each Corridor Maxima SO 2 (ppb) Nox (ppb) CO (ppm) CO 2 (ppm) PM 10 (  g/m 3 ) O 3 (ppb) Toluene (ppb) Noise dB(A) Cor Cor Cor Cor Cor Minima Cor Cor Cor Cor Cor Averages Cor Cor Cor Cor Cor

10 24 Hourly Average Levels of Pollutants at Corridor 5 USEPA WHO (2005) Averaging Time Standard Guideline Values SO 2 24ppb 24 Hrs Annual Mean 365µg/m 3 (140 ppb) 80µg/m3 (30 ppb) 24 Hrs Annual Mean 10 Min 125 µg/m3 (48 ppb) 50µg/m3 (20 ppb) 500µg/m3 (190 ppb) CO7ppm 8 Hrs 1 Hr 10 mg/m 3 (9 ppm) 40 mg/m 3 (35 ppm) 8 Hrs 1 Hr 10mg/m3 (9 ppm) 30 mg/m3 (25 ppm) NOx108ppb Annual Mean 100µg/m 3 (50 ppb) Annual Mean 1 Hr 40 µg/m3 (20 ppb) 200µg/m3 (105 ppb) O3O3O3O318ppb 1 Hr 8 Hrs 235µg/m3 (120 ppb) 160µg/m3 (80 ppb) 8 Hrs 100µg/m3 (50 ppb) PM (µg/m 3 ) 24 Hrs Annual Mean 150µg/m350µg/m3 24 Hrs 20 µg/m3 50 µg/m3 TSP392 (µg/m 3 )24-Hrs 260 mg/m 3 24-Hrs mg/m 3 Air Quality Level along Corridor-5

11 The weightage of the different pollutants increases in the following order Corridor 5. Merewether Tower  Karachi Port Trust  Mauripur Road  Nazimabad  North Nazimabad  Sohrab Goth  Corridor 4. Merewether Tower  Teen Talwar  Sunset Boulevard  Korangi / Baloch Colony Intersection  Corridor-2. Merewether Tower  Burns Road  Preedy Street  Empress Market  Old Numaish  Corridor 1. Merewether Tower  Tibbet Center  Garden Road Intersection  Old Numaish  Tin Hatti  Liaqatabad # 10  Karimabad  Sohrab Goth  Corridor 3. Merewether Tower  Metropole Hotel  Finance & Trade Center  Drigh Road

12 SO 2 ppbNOx ppbCO ppmCO 2 ppm MaxMinAvgMaxMinAvgMaxMinAvgMaxMinAvg Maximum Minimum Average PM 10  g/m 3 O 3 ppb Toluene  g/m 3 Noise dB(A) MaxMinAvgMaxMinAvgMaxMinAvgMaxMinAvg Maximum Minimum Average Ambient Air Quality Levels

13 24 Hourly Average Levels of Pollutants at Major Road Intersections in Karachi SO 2 ppb NOx ppb CO ppm CO 2 ppm PM 10 g/m 3 O 3 ppb Noise dB(A) WHO or World Bank Standards 53 (150  g/m 3 ) 73 (150  g/m 3 ) (USEPA) (NEQS)

14 SITE Sampling (Hrs) Conc. of TSP (µg/m 3 ) Pb (µg/m 3 ) in TSP Pb in Soil. (mg/Kg) Cd (µg/m 3 ) in TSP Cd (µg/l) Drinking Water Cd (mg/kg) Soil Oil& Greace in Water (mg/l) Karimabad Liaquatabad # Tin Hatti Grumandir Old Numaish Garden Rd Intersection Tibet Center Moulvi Musafar Khana Mereweather Tower Ziauddin Rd and Chundrigar Rd Intersection Burns Road Trace & Toxic Metals in SPM, Soil & Water

15 Vehicle InfoEmission Data Vehicle NameFuelConditio n O 2 %CO 2 %CO ppmNOx ppm SO 2 ppm FT o C M/Cycle50PetrolTuned M/Cycle50PetrolUn tuned Rickshaw50PetrolTuned Rickshaw50PetrolUn tuned Car/Hi-Roof/Jeep50 PetrolTuned Car/Hi-Roof/Jeep50 PetrolUn tuned Car/Hi-Roof/Jeep50 CNGTuned Car/Hi-Roof/Jeep50 CNGUn tuned Car (Taxi)50L.P.GUn tuned Car (Taxi)50DieselUn tuned Suzuki Pickup50PetrolUn tuned Hi-Ace50DieselTuned Pickup/Van50DieselUn tuned Mini Bus50DieselTuned Mini Bus 50 DieselUn tuned Bus50DieselTuned Bus50DieselUn tuned Truck50DieselTuned Truck 50 DieselUn tuned Emissions from Different Traffic Modes

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17 Different Fuel Share in Karachi

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19 Hemoglobin Red Cell Count PCVMCVMCHMCHC Platelet Count Normal Range (g/d1) x10^12/l 36 – 54 % 76 – 96 fl 28 – 32 pg (g/dl) x10^9/l Max Min Avg Total Laucocytes count Neutrophils Lympho- cytes EosinophilsMonocytesBasophils Blood Lead Level Normal Range x10^ % 20 – 45 % 1.0 – 6.0 % 2.0 –10.0 % % x10^9/l Max Min Avg Average Blood Picture of Karachiites

20 Average Health Status 30% people working or making their living near traffic congestion points have alteration in blood hemoglobin 45% people working or making living around traffic congestion points have impaired hearing 60% people working or making living around traffic congestion pointssuffer from nasal allergy 60% people working or making living around traffic congestion points suffer from nasal allergy

21 Degradation of the environment affects the health of at least 30 percent or 300,000 persons, besides causing damages to buildings, structures and vegetation on the corridor of Impact (COI) Air pollution at rate of $30 per person costs $9 million or Rs.540 million per year for the COI which is equivalent to over Rs.13.8 billion in terms of overall cost of air pollution which has been escalating by at least 10% each year during the past 10 years Estimates indicate that remedial measures are urgently needed to arrest the losses, which now amount to about Rs.1.38 billion each year 5% reduction in the combustion efficiency of the untuned engines consume additional fuel of 660 tons costing Rs.26 million per day Social pollutionin smuggling of petroleum products as well as making substandard lubricant oil causes degradation of the environment in terms of inappropriate fuel admixtures Social pollution in smuggling of petroleum products as well as making substandard lubricant oil causes degradation of the environment in terms of inappropriate fuel admixtures Cost of degradation of the road environment

22 Lack of infrastructure facilities, Majority of vehicles being not road-worthy, Large sections of the roads being not vehicle worthy, Standard of vehicle maintenance is poor, Use of fuel-efficient technologies is limited Existing government policies do not address efficient mass transit system or fuel efficiency and emissions issues. There is urgent need to Improve fuel efficiency of the road transport vehicles Perform emission related testing/tuning of vehicle operating road Introduce a well managed Transportation Plan Introduce new vehicles only if they are fuel efficient. Set up Workshops for emission related tuning of all vehicles CONCLUSION

23 Formulation of Road & Vehicle Policies Formulation of Traffic Management Plan Design Monitoring Program to Oversee the Performance after Implementation of the Transportation Plan Formulate a plan for establishment of Academy for training of Traffic Police Officials, Road Engineers, Transport Operators, Drivers and Mechanics Formulate a plan for establishing a model workshop for vehicles tuning, emissions monitoring, fuel and lube oil testing facilities Course of Action to Control Pollution

24 Thank You

25 Formulate a Proposal for Establishment of Academy for training of Drivers and Mechanics, Road Engineers and Traffic Police on environmental health and safety issues Incorporate environment related issues in control of vehicular emissions and propose a working mechanism for testing the fitness of vehicles against emission related standards Design and identify technically best equipment and accessories necessary for Model Workshop to Check the Performance of Engines and Vehicles on Road and on Vehicular Emissions Implement Proposed Action Plan for Control of Traffic Related Pollutionto be undertaken through a separate study which may form the Second Phase of the Project. Implement Proposed Action Plan for Control of Traffic Related Pollution to be undertaken through a separate study which may form the Second Phase of the Project. SHORT TERM ACTION PLAN

26 LONG-TERM ACTION PLAN Environmental Management Program for Control of Traffic Related Pollution in Karachi Development of GIS for coherent traffic management plan Generate Inventory of vehicular emissions of various modes Emission Modeling for estimation of traffic load and emergence of congestion points Monitoring of the excessive surface ozone, Hydrocarbon from un-burnt fuel, black carbon, TSP specially the suspension of particles due to wear and tear of tyres etc. A correlation of vehicular density, vehicular emissions and fuel consumption for various mode of vehicles operating on traffic corridors Formulate a plan for vehicle counting at identified stations one for each corridor for collecting continuous vehicular traffic information

27 S I T E S SO 2 ppb NOx ppb CO ppm CO 2 ppm PM 10  g/m 3 O 3 ppb Toluene  g/m 3 Noise dB(A) Sohrab Goth Karimabad Liaqatabad # Tin Hatti Grumandir Old Numaish Garden Tibet Center Moulvi Masfirkhana Merewether Tower Shaheen Complex Burns Road Preedy Street Ambient Air Quality Data (Maximum Values)

28 S I T E S SO 2 ppb NOx ppb CO ppm CO 2 ppm PM 10  g/m 3 O 3 ppb Toluene  g/m 3 Noise dB(A) Empress Market Metropole Hotel FTC Teen Talwar Sunset Boulevard Gizri Rd & Baloch Colony Intersection Drigh Road KPT Mauripur Road Gul Bai Intersection North Nazimabad Nazimabad Gulshan Chorangi Ambient Air Quality Data (Maximum Values)