A problem in paradise: The vanishing Picobar Tree Frog Geoff Hyde NCBS YETI 2009 Bangalore
Species Unique to Picobar 346 plants 209 insects 37 birds 14 mammals 11 reptiles and amphibians
Picobar Tree Frog Dyscophus picobari Diurnal Insectivorous Mid-altitudes Population declining How can the population decline of the Picobar Tree Frog be halted?
Possible players in the population decline of the Picobar Tree Frog Rat Snake (Ptyas mucosa) Introduced 1999 Picobar Lady Beetle (Harmonia picobari) Threatened by fungi
Is population decline due to increased predation or decreased prey?
If increased predation…..
… we should see snakes eating frogs Objective 1: Do starved captive rat snakes eat Picobar Tree Frogs?
Preparation for exposure to frogs 27 o C + 36 o C Replication : 20 snakes
Snakes offered two species of frogs
Snakes ate the brown frogs
Tree frogs uneaten after one week
What if snakes do not have a choice? 27 o C
Tree frogs only, offered for one week
Snakes sometimes attacked tree frogs...
...but quickly spat them out.
After one week, no frogs eaten
No
If decreased prey, frogs should strongly prefer Lady Beetles
27 o C Preparation for exposure to insects Replication : 20 frogs
Frogs offered five species of insects
Frogs targeted the Lady Beetles
5% Lady Beetles, 75% Brown Beetles, 100% of other species remain after a week
27 o C What if frogs can't choose Lady Beetles? Replication : 20 frogs
Frogs offered 4 species (no Lady Beetles)
45% of Brown Beetles, 100% of other species, remain after a week
Yes
Very unlikely due to Rat Snakes Is decline of Picobar Tree Frogs due to increased Rat Snake predation or decreased availability of Lady Beetles? Results support Lady Beetle hypothesis - need support from field studies - preliminary data is suggestive
Breed fungal-resistant Lady Beetles Captive breeding program for tree frogs Suggestions for management of population decline