DISASTER PROTECTION A Time-Dependent and Policy- Driven Process to Protect a City’s Transportation Systems From Disaster Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA

THE FOCUS: FROM UN—PROTECTED TO PROTECTED TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

A CITY CAN BECOME DISASTER RESILIENT WHEN … ITS PEOPLE, BUILDINGS, INFRASTRUCTURE, ESSENTIAL AND CRITICAL FACILITIES ARE PROTECTED BY CODES & STANDARDS AGAINST THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF LIKELY NATURAL HAZARDS

COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS NATURAL HAZARDS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION RISK ASSESSMENT RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCE PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY IENCE FOUR PILLARS OF RESILIENCE

A DISASTER OCCURS WHEN A COMMUNITY’S PUBLIC POLICIES ALLOW IT TO BE … UN—PREPARED UN—PROTECTED UN—ABLE TO RESPOND EFFECTIVELY UN (NON)--RESILIENT

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS essential functionProvide an essential function to society by moving people and goods from point “A” to point “B”

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS Types: Roads, railroads, mass transit, water-borne and air transport systems, and pipelines Scales: urban, regional, national, and international.

ELEMENTS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS Built infrastructureBuilt infrastructure roads, runways, airports, terminals, railways, stations, canals, ports, traffic control centers, maintenance and operation facilities, pipelines, etc. Operations sideOperations side vehicles, traffic safety and control, power, commun- ications and signaling, maintenance, transportation operators, etc.

FEATURES THAT AFFECT RESILIENCY  Extend over broad geographical areas (exposed to many kinds of natural hazards)  Large number of components that are subject to either POINT or AREA failure (multiple types of vulnerabilities).

FEATURES THAT AFFECT RESILIENCY (Continued)  Roadways and railways frequently follow river valleys (easier and cheaper to build, but prone to floods)  Utilities, including pipelines, often follow right-of-ways (reduces legal problems and costs)

FEATURES THAT AFFECT RESILIENCY (Continued)  Multiple entities have responsibility for, or oversight of the system (variable policies)  Typically owned by public entities and publicly funded (usually self-insured)

FEATURES THAT AFFECT RESILIENCY (Continued)  Different modes of trans- portation are interconnected  They interact with each other and other elements of a community’s built environ- ment; hence, the name, “City Lifeline Systems”.

WITHOUT PROTECTION (i.e., building codes and lifeline standards), NATURAL DISASTERS CAN, AND USUALLY DO, CAUSE GREAT LOSS OF FUNCTION IN CITY TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

 HIGHWAY SYSTEMS: CAN LOSE FUNCTION FROM: Flooding from tropical storms, hurricanes, and typhoons, Landslides (rock falls, spreads, slides, flows) Earthquakes (ground shaking)

 AIR TRANSPORT SYSTEMS CAN LOSE THEIR FUNCTION FROM: Earthquakes (ground shaking and ground failure) Tsunamis (tsunami wave run up) Tornadoes (wind damage)

SENDAI AIRPORT: COVERED WITH MUD FROM TSUNAMI

SENDAI AIRPORT: COVERED WITH CARS, MUD, & DEBRIS

TORNADO DAMAGES LAMBERT AIRPORT; ST LOUIS, MO, UISA

 RAILROAD SYSTEMS CAN LOSE THEIR FUNCTION FROM: Earthquakes (ground shaking and ground failure)

JAPAN: PASSENGERS STRANDED IN SENDAI STATION

 PIPELINE SYSTEMS CAN LOSE THEIR FUNCTION FROM: Earthquakes (ground shaking and ground failure)

DISASTER RESILIENCE REQUIRES CITIES TO ADOPT AND IMPLEMENT PUBLIC POLICIES TO MOVE AWAY FROM THE STATE OF BEING: UN—PREPARED UN—PROTECTED UN—ABLE TO RESPOND AND NON--RESILIENT