Journals and Repositories: an Evolving Relationship Stephen Pinfield University of Nottingham

Two Routes to OA OA RepositoriesOA Journals

Two Routes to OA? OA RepositoriesOA Journals

Working Definitions Repository: A set of systems and services which facilitates the ingest, storage, management, retrieval, display and reuse of digital objects… Journal: A collection of quality-assured articles, normally within a defined subject area, made available at regular intervals under a single ongoing title… Open Access: … where the full content is freely, immediately and permanently available and can be accessed and reused in an unrestricted way.

3 Models 1.Repository Journal 2.Journal Repository 3.Repository Overlay Journal

Editor and referees peer-review paper Author submits final version Author revises paper Repository Publisher copy edits and formats paper Paper published in journal Author deposits paper (post-print) in repository Repository makes paper available Journal Repository Journal Author submits paper to journal Author writes paper Author deposits paper (pre-print) in repository Repository makes paper available

Repository Journal Described by EA Henneken et al (2007) looking at arXiv Repository houses self-archived pre-publication paper (pre and/or post prints) Paper submitted to journal and peer-reviewed Paper formally published in journal On formal publication, usage switches from repository to journal Model allows for continuation of current publication, dissemination and business models for repositories and journals

Usage: productive co- existence Henneken, Edwin A. et al (2007) E-prints and journal articles in astronomy: a productive co-existence. Learned Publishing 20 (1), E-print at:

Repository Author writes paper Author submits papers to OA/hybrid journal Editor and referees peer-review paper Author revises paper Author submits final version Publisher copy edits and formats paper Paper published in journal Author/publisher deposits paper in repository Repository processes paper further Repository manages preservation Repository makes paper available Journal Journal Repository

Described by R Terry (2005) in relation to UKPMC Paper submitted to OA/hybrid journal for peer review Paper formally published in OA/hybrid journal Payment of OA fee allows re-use/deposit of publisher– prepared version in repository Repository ingests article for long-term preservation Repository sets up article for re-use and analysis, including mining Model involves journal as the main vehicle of publication funded by author-side payments (new business model), plus extended role for repository

UKPMC: Deposits and Usage* Currently 600,000 hits a month, a fourfold increase since launch Currently 60,000 article downloads a month, up from 20,000 in January 2007 Current content stands at 1.4 million full text articles; content is increasing by an average of 40,000 articles a month UKPMC has seen marked increases in usage and deposit since January, possibly from ripple effect of US bill being passed in December 2007 * With thanks to Philip Vaughan

RepositoryJournal Author writes paper Author submits papers to OA/hybrid journal Editor and referees peer-review paper Author revises paper Author submits final version Publisher copy edits and formats paper Publisher deposits paper in repository Repository processes paper further Repository manages preservation Publisher links to paper Repository makes paper available (publishes it) Journal Repository (2)

Described by DC Prosser (unpublished) Submission, peer review and selection take place under the auspices of journal Payment of OA fee to publisher Content stored in repository only; journal links to repository Model has journal as initiator of publication but uses repository as publication venue, providing links to content

Scholarly Communication: Functions Registration Certification Dissemination Archiving Reward 1.Repository Journal 2.Journal Repository 3.Repository Overlay Journal HE Roosendaal and PAThM Geurts (1997); DC Prosser (2005)

Repository Author writes paper Author deposits paper (pre-print) in repository Repository makes paper available Overlay journal selects paper Editor and referees peer-review paper Author revises paper Publisher copy edits and formats paper? Publisher/author deposits paper in repository Repository processes paper further Repository manages preservation Repository makes paper available Publisher links to paper Journal Repository Overlay Journal

Described JWT Smith (1997); AP Smith (2000) Paper deposited in OA repository Selected and featured in overlay journal Usually peer-reviewed by overlay journal Possibly exposed to other quality measures by the overlay journal Model involves repository as primary means of management and dissemination of content but (overlay) journal performs quality-assurance and awareness role

3 Models 1.Repository Journal 2.Journal Repository 3.Repository Overlay Journal

Issues Changing shape of the journal –Deconstructed journal –Journal as quality stamp –Journal as brand Changing shape of the article –Single article in multiple journals Changing shape of publication –Formal publication and dissemination –Publication process

Issues Repository infrastructure development –Repositories (institutional and subject) –Standards and policies –Papers submitted Version identification and management –Integrity assurance –Standards –Customer and practice for citations –Version of record

Repository Growth Directory of repositories - OpenDOAR – –1157 open access repositories –started registration in added in and nearly 200 added in first half % are institutional

Repositories by Continent

European Repositories

Repositories in Russell & 1994 Groups University of Bath Birkbeck University of Birmingham University of Bristol University of Cambridge Cardiff University University of Durham University of East Anglia University of Edinburgh (University of Essex) University of Exeter University of Glasgow Goldsmiths Queens University (University of Reading) Royal Holloway University of St Andrews University of Sheffield SOAS University of Southampton University of Surrey University of Sussex University of Warwick UCL University of York Imperial College King's College London Lancaster University University of Leeds University of Leicester University of Liverpool Loughborough University LSE University of Manchester University of Newcastle University of Nottingham University of Oxford Queen Mary

Issues Repository infrastructure development –Repositories (institutional and subject) –Standards and policies –Papers submitted –Other digital objects Version identification and management –Integrity assurance –Standards –Customer and practice for citations –Version of record

Issues Quality-control/assurance practices –At repository level –Separation of peer review and dissemination functions –Peer review and editing changes –Post peer review quality measures/indicators

Issues Business and funding models –For the journal –For the repository –Research funders –Institutional funding streams Developing value-added features –Search services –Data/text mining –Linking data and publication

Issues Content management and preservation –Technical issues –Process issues –Responsibilities

Issues Policy frameworks –Funder requirements –Institutional practices –Research quality assessment: REF Responsibilities Cultural issues

Issues: Summary Changing shape of the journal Changing shape of the article Changing shape of publication Repository infrastructure development Version identification and management Quality-control/assurance practices Business and funding models Developing value-added features Content management and preservation Policy frameworks Responsibilities Cultural issues