Physical Development from one to three years

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Presentation transcript:

Physical Development from one to three years Chapter 11

Essential Questions What are the average changes in height, weight, posture and proportion in ages one to three? How can a parent/caregiver distinguish between small and large motor skills in years one to three? How do you care for children ages one to three (including nutrition, hygiene, sleep and toilet training)?

Developmentally appropriate Chapter Vocabulary Synthetic fibers Dexterity Toddlers Developmentally appropriate Small motor skills Hygiene Training pants Large motor skills Sphincter muscles Preschoolers

What is a toddler? A toddler is a child between their first birthday and their fourth birthday. Children begin to walk at this age. The learning process is slow and unsteady. This term refers to children who begin walking and make uncertain movements. Toddlers are children between the ages of 1 and 3 years old.

What is a preschooler? This refers to a child age 3-5 years who walk more steadily. They not only walk normally but they can hop, jump, and run. Their physical skills are much improved from that of toddlers.

Height and weight changes Age Height Weight One Year 30 inches 22 ½ pounds Two Years 34 inches 28 pounds Three Years 38 inches 32 ½ pounds

Proportion and posture Because of changes in proportion, posture improves during this period. Until age 2, a child’s head, chest and abdomen all measure about the same. They all grow at the same rate. Between the ages of 2 and 3, the chest becomes larger than the head and abdomen. The arms and legs also grow rapidly. These changes help improve balance and motor skills.

One year olds have about 8 teeth. Tooth development One year olds have about 8 teeth. During the second year, about 8 more teeth appear. The last 4 teeth usually come in early in the third year. This means toddlers have a complete set of 20 teeth.

More tooth development The quality of a child’s teeth is greatly influenced by their diet. The diet of the mother during pregnancy and the child during the first 2 years lays the foundation for tooth health for life. Avoid giving children sweets, especially candy, soda and sugar coated cereals because they cause tooth decay

Brush those teeth Infants should have their gums wiped with a cloth after each feeding. As soon as teeth appear, parents should brush their child’s teeth. Visiting the dentist is important. Teaching a child to brush and floss should start early. Toddlers should also go to the dentist as early as possible.

Motor skills Development occurs one of three ways: Head to foot Near to far Simple to complex Motor skills are divided in two ways: Large Motor Skills Small Motor Skills

This includes activities like walking, running, and throwing. Large motor skills Large motor skills involve the use and control of the large muscles of the back, legs, shoulders, and arms. This includes activities like walking, running, and throwing.

Large motor skills 2-3 year olds 1-2 year olds 3-4 year olds Physical exercise and repeated practice promote the development of large motor skills. 2-3 year olds Walk with coordination Climbs and jumps Runs but cannot stop easily Kicks ball Goes up stairs with 2 feet 1-2 year olds Improves walking skills Begins to run Throw object overhand Walks up and down stairs (both feet) 3-4 year olds Jumps up and down Walks on tiptoe Rides tricycle Catches ball with straight arm

Small motor skills Small motor skills depend on the use and control of finer muscles. Small motor skills include muscles of the wrist, fingers and ankles.

Small motor skills 1-2 years 2-3 years 3-4 years Picks ups object with thumb and forefinger (pincer grip) buttons large buttons and pulls down zippers Turns door knobs Stacks several blocks for a tower 2-3 years Turns book pages one at a time Strings large beads together Draws horizontal and vertical lines Builds tower about 8 blocks high 3-4 years Cuts with scissors—inaccurately Draws recognizable pictures Using fork and spoon with out spilling Builds tower about 9 or 10 blocks high

feeding Toddlers learn their habits and attitudes about food from the adults around them. They will have these habits and attitudes for the rest of their life. So, BE A GOOD ROLE MODEL! Because toddlers stomachs are small, they need to eat every 3-4 hours. Be sure you are feeding them nutritious foods as snacks. A toddler’s appetite will vary with the amount of activity each day. Children will be more likely to accept new foods if they are not pressured or rewarded for eating them.

How do children learn self feeding skills One year olds Eat a variety of baby foods Eat simple foods from the family table Choose food low in sugar and salt Choose foods easily eaten with fingers May start using a spoon (18 months) Start drinking from a cup

How do children learn self feeding skills Two year olds Can feed themselves and use a fork They take a long time to eat and are messy Give them time to develop their fine motor skills Talk during meals to encourage social skills and build family bonds

How do children learn self feeding skills Three year olds Full set of teeth so chewing is not a problem Most toddlers are skilled with spoon and fork Child can eat most foods at this age A healthy diet is important

Choosing foods for toddlers Milk is important for toddlers. It helps to build strong bones and teeth. Up until the age of 2, children need whole milk. After that they should have low or non fat milk. Your doctor will give you a recommendation. Be sure to include a variety of sources of calcium… Yogurt, pudding and cheese.

Choosing foods for toddlers Children should be exposed to a variety of vegetables. You never know if they will like it until they try it. Raw vegetables are low in calories and fat and are fun to crunch on for easy snacks! Remember to include a variety of colorful vegetables…carrots, broccoli, cauliflower, tomatoes, potatoes, and corn.

Choosing foods for toddlers Foods in the bread and cereal group provide toddlers with energy. It is important that they eat foods from this group. Many foods are included in this group…. breads, cereal (non-sugar), pasta, rice and crackers are good choices

Choosing foods for toddlers Fruits are a great source of sweet foods with very little calories. Toddlers should get in the habit of eating fruits. Be sure to choose a variety of colors in the fruits. Some good choices of fruits for toddlers are… Apples, bananas, strawberries, oranges and 100% juices. Be VERY careful when feeding toddlers grapes.

Choosing foods for toddlers Toddlers need to eat protein rich foods. These foods help to build muscle and repair tissue. Remember to keep red meat to a minimum because it is high in fat. Some good choices in meat include fish (look carefully for bones), poultry. eggs, beans and peanut butter.

Meal time tips for toddlers

Meal time tips for toddlers To make a meal more interesting for a toddler, be sure to include a variety of colors, textures, shape, temperature and ease of eating. Include children in food preparation. If they make it, they will be more likely to try it! Keep meals pleasant. Digestion is easier and your child learns manners. It is easier for toddlers to use a bowl or plate with sides along with special utensils. Do NOT bribe children with food. “Finish your dinner and I’ll give you a cookie.”

As children learn, they will make mistakes. Some examples… Dressing Toddlers Children will only learn to dress themselves if they are given practice. It involves repeatedly using large and small motor skills. As children learn, they will make mistakes. Some examples… Children learn independence, responsibility and self esteem by learning to dress themselves!

Choosing clothes for your toddler Look for comfort. Clothes should allow children to move freely. They are very active. Remember comfort includes being the right size. Sizing is very different from company to company in children’s clothing. Look for durability. Toddlers are very hard on their clothes. They crawl on the floor and run around. Look for clothing that is well constructed. Cotton is always a good choice because it is comfortable and washes well. Look for economy. Children grow rapidly and will require new clothes often. Try to find clothing that has hems that can be let down and straps with adjustable lengths. Buttons can also be moved to allow more room for the child

Toddlers and sleep Bed time routines are very important at this age to get your child to go to bed and to go sleep and stay asleep. By the age of two, toddlers require less sleep and are less likely to go to bed easily. Children may use self-comforting techniques like thumb sucking, rocking or favorite blanket or toy. Fear of the dark is common. Some children can be “talked” out of it while others may need a night light or other help with their fear.

Toilet Training Most children start toilet training between the ages of 18 month and 4 years. Every child is different and will not begin toilet training until they are ready---physically and emotionally! To be ready physically, children must be able to control their SPHINCTER muscle. This is the muscle that control elimination. A child must be able to recognize the body sensation. A child will learn to control their bowels and the bladder will follow in 1-2 months.

Toilet training Parent’s attitude toward toilet training have a great affect on the child’s attitude. Parents need to be calm and understanding with their child. This can be a long process. Training pants are a great way to get the child excited about using the potty. If a child loses interest in toilet training, stop and wait a few weeks and then try again. Do not push the child! Children tend to be less afraid if they have their own potty chair instead of using the “Big Potty”.

Bathing Your Toddler kidspot.co.nz Parents and caregivers need to help toddlers develop good attitudes about hygiene. Children need to be taught to wash their hands after using the toilet---everytime! Teach them to bath themselves One yr olds—rub cloth over face and stomach Two yr olds—wash, rinse and dry fairly well Three yr olds—need little help or supervision

Bathing Con’t Bathtubs are dangerous places for toddlers A child can drown in only an inch of water NEVER leave baby unattended in the tub Place a rubber mat on the bottom of the tub to make it slip proof Children can showers if they prefer Always be sure to turn the water temperature down on your water heater so child does not get burned (water and facet)

Now it is time to put your new found knowledge to work! Assignment Now it is time to put your new found knowledge to work! Make a chart of a day’s activities for a three year old. The schedule should include time for physical activity, meals, practice in small motor skills and good hygiene. Explain your schedule including a time schedule for each activity and why you choose that activity.