Friendly Warning Quiz/Test # more meetings, then 22 September (TUESDAY) covers Chapter 1 & Terminology (Review Sheets will be on Course Website soon)

What can you organize? The 4 Parameters of Sound Pitch = the frequency of vibration (heard as “high” vs. “low”) Duration = the length of time a sound lasts (heard as aspects of rhythm) Timbre = tone color (the source of the sound, i.e., instrument, voice, other) Dynamics = Loudness/Softness

PITCH Function of “frequency” (how many vibrations per second) Usually described as “high” or “low” Individual sound sometimes called a “note” (from the written symbol for a single sound) Range of human hearing 20 – 20,000 Hz

Some Useful Terms related to Pitch Interval – “distance” between 2 pitches Octave – 2:1 ratio of frequency Tonality – organization around home pitch Tonic – the home pitch Key – collection of pitches around a tonal center Scale – set of pitches in ascending and descending order (scala [Ital.] = “ladder”)

Scale types Use only some of all the available pitches Series of whole and half steps (7 notes) Major – sounds “bright,” “cheery” Minor – sounds “dark,” “somber” Pentatonic – uses only 5 notes - Major or Minor

Harmony (Some Useful terms) Chord – 2 or more simultaneous pitches Triad – 3-note chord Tonic (I) – chord on home note (name of scale or “key”) Dominant (V) – chord on 5 th note of scale Subdominant (IV) – chord on 4 th note of scale Consonant / Consonance – “pleasant” combinations of sounds (subjective) Dissonant / Dissonance – “unpleasant” combinations of sounds (subjective)

Listening Critically (Theme 1) (Last batch of) Useful Terms for Describing Music (my terms – most not in the textbook)

Musical Form The basic organizing principal in music “What comes next?” Three basic elements: Repetition – the same thing Contrast – something new Variation – a mix of old and new

Melodic Structure Similar to Speech (words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs, etc.) Musical PHRASE – coherent subdivision of a larger unit (similar to sentences or clauses in speech) CADENCE – resting point at the end of a phrase (full or partial, cf. punctuation marks, periods, commas, etc.)

Some Formal Patterns Organization by phrases and larger blocks - relates to both music and text (words/lyrics) Strophic - Stanza (same block of music, repeated) - new words with each Verse - Ex. “Barbary Allen” and most hymns Alternating sections - Verse (same music, but changing words) - Chorus (same music & words; “refrain”) - Ex. “Gospel Ship,” “Jingle Bells,” “Yankee Doodle,” etc.

More Patterns & Terms “Song Form” – usually 4 equal phrases/sections - A A B A or A A’ B A” or AABC, ABCD, etc. - Bridge or Release (3 rd phrase) contrasts harmonically & melodically - Exs. “Jeannie with the Light Brown Hair,” “Taking A Chance on Love,” “New San Antonio Rose,” “Sh-Boom,” etc. 12-Bar Blues – 3 phrases repeated over and over A - statement A’ - restatement (intensification) B – conclusion Ex. “Black Snake Moan,” “Hound Dog,” etc.

A Few Last Terms Call-Response - leader first, answered by group (or single) - Ex. “Long John,” and most Blues-based music Introduction - a brief section to start a piece of music (exactly what it says) Coda - a short ending added to a piece (literally: “tail”)

Five “Themes” 1.Listening Critically (terminology) 2.Music and Identity 3.Music and Technology 4.Music is a Business 5.Music has “Centers” and “Peripheries” (places)

Music Centers & Peripheries “Centers” – money, power and control - NYC, LA, Nashville (?!) - aims at the mass (= urban, white) market “Peripheries” – the edges - physically remote - lacking in power or influence - stylistically unique or “different” (often) Peripheries influence and change Centers

Streams of Traditions Three main sources of American Pop Music European - chiefly white (Anglo) Northern Europe - British Isles (Scotch, Welsh, Irish, etc.) African - chiefly from West Central Africa - imported slaves (mostly) to Southern regions Latin America - Caribbean, Mexican, Brazil, etc. - often mixes African w/ indigenous elements

“Barbary Allen” Folk Music Appalachian region (from Anglo-Irish) “Ballad” tradition (tells a story) Child Ballad # 84 Strophic form “a cappella” performance Jean Ritchie--Barbry Allen – YouTube [Textbook, p. 21-3]Jean Ritchie--Barbry Allen – YouTube Jean Ritchie (b. 1922; d. 2015); Kentucky native

“Soldier’s Joy” “Old Time Music” String-band tradition Used for dancing 1 st “Hillbilly” recordings Ex. Gid Tanner And His Skillet Lickers-Soldier's Joy [Textbook, p. 23-5]Gid Tanner And His Skillet Lickers-Soldier's Joy Revived as “folk music” Tommy Jarrell - Soldiers Joy – YouTube [Textbook, p. 25]Tommy Jarrell - Soldiers Joy – YouTube “Gid” Tanner and Skillet Lickers Tommy Jarrell ( )

Friendly Warning Quiz/Test # more meetings 22 September (TUESDAY) covers Chapter 1 & Terminology (Review Sheets on Course Website)