Diagnostic advances for distinct patient populations

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Presentation transcript:

Diagnostic advances for distinct patient populations Prof. Jean-Pierre GANGNEUX Parasitology and Mycology, Rennes Teaching Hospital Brittany, FRANCE EA 4427 Signalisation et réponse aux agents infectieux et chimiques, IRSET – Institut de Recherche Santé Environnement Travail – IFR 140, Université Rennes 1 Jean-pierre.gangneux@chu-rennes.fr

Which diagnostic marker for which disease? - Aspergillus is a fungus responsible for a wide range of diseases - Aspergillosis results from a complex host-pathogen interaction Aspergillus is a fungus responsible for a wide range of diseases as exposed by DD. They are the consequences of a complex host-pathogen interaction

Diagnostic tools available and their limits 1. Mycology and cytology: Direct examination Culture Cytology - Time-consuming - Needs expertise - Variable sensitivity Positive culture means either infection or colonisation Shows vascular invasion No identification (Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., Scedosporium sp.) 008, IJP

Diagnostic tools available and their limits 2. Serology: Antibody and antigen detection (Galactomannan and b1-3-D-glucan) Variable sensitivity according to the patient / immune background False positivity 3. PCR and mass spectrometry: - Still need a standardization - Less and less costly 4. Markers of allergy: Eosinophils, PMN, total IgE, specific IgE - Specificity?

Diagnostic tools available and their limits 5. Imaging: Radiography CT scan Sensitivity? Specificity? Improved performances More delayed and costly Flow rupture

Variable contribution of diagnostic tools according to the disease Mycology, PCR, MS Anti-Aspergillus antibodies Aspergillus antigens Allergic markers Imaging Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis + ++ - Radiography Invasive aspergillosis CT scan Allergic aspergillosis +/- Strategies with combined tests adapted to the disease and the patient  warrant an early diagnosis and appropriate treatment

Invasive aspergillosis Tissue invasion  rapid damage  angioinvasion  dissemination Hematological malignancies represent the most important risk factors Hematological malignancies Sensitivity of mycology 30-67% Specificity of mycology 72% GM antigenemia Meta-analysis 58% all patients 65% BMT (25%-100%) b1-3-D-glucan 55%-68% PCR 54%-88% Imaging : CT scan Halo sign/ air- crescent Antifungals decreased the sensitivity of culture  Prophylaxis and empirical antifungal strategies must be known to interpret the results of mycology Impact of neutropenia < 100 PMN/L (n=18) > 100 PMN/L (n=81) P Sensitivity GM 61% 19% 0.001 Reichenberger BMT 1999; Maertens JCM 1999; Pfeiffer CID 2006; Cordonnier CMI 2009; Koo CID 2009; Mengoli Lancet ID 2009 ; White JCM 2010

57% : hematological malignancies But !! 43% nonneutropenic nonhematological patients 59% 89% Mortality

Solid organ recipients Invasive aspergillosis Invasive aspergillosis must be recognised in non hematological patients Solid organ recipients COPD Sensitivity of mycology 40%-50% 83% Specificity of mycology 5-8% (Lung transplant) 22% GM antigenemia 22%-60% 42%-48% b1-3-D-glucan Insufficient evaluation PCR Antibodies (precipitins) ? + Imaging Mainly consolidation and nodules Decreased specificity « but must not be trivialised »* Transplant GM antigenemia Lung 22%-60% Liver 56% Bulpa ERJ 2007*; Singh CMR 2005; Cornelius JCM 2007; Pfeiffer CID 2006; Guinea CMI 2009; Meersseman CCM 2004; Cornillet CID 2006; Husain Transplantation 2007

Heterogeneous population Risk factors for IPA in non-neutropenic critically ill patients in the ICU Solid Organ Transplantation COPD High-dose systemic corticosteroids (Prednisone equivalent >20 mg/day) > 3 weeks Chronic renal failure Liver cirrhosis/acute hepatic failure Diabetes mellitus Systemic disease requiring immunosuppressive therapy Near-drowning, severe burns, etc… Beware of confusing factors for the diagnosis : Mechanical ventilation  clinical signs difficult to interpret Radiological diagnosis  clouded by underlying lung pathologies Aspergillus isolation  infection /colonisation? Antibody detection  often weak in patients on long-term steroid therapy False positivity of galactomannan detection (serum and BAL):  Beta-lactam antibiotics, other fungi, dietary antigens, pediatrics Specific ICU false positivity of galactomannan detection (serum and BAL):  hemodialysis, cirrhosis, bacteriemia, IV Ig, cellulose, antitumor polysaccharides, abdominal surgery

Invasive aspergillosis: Summary Hematological patients Mycology Cytology GM Ag b-glucan PCR (blood) BAL (culture-Ag-PCR Imaging Antibodies Criteria for Dg + - Markers to exclude infection Non hematological patients Mycology Cytology GM Ag b-glucan PCR (blood) BAL (culture-Ag-PCR Imaging Antibodies Criteria for Dg + +/- (less sensitive) (less specific) Markers to exclude infection ?

precipitin antibodies Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis Underlying condition + colonisation  chronic destruction of lung tissue  Cavitary or fibrosing lesions associated to an overexpressed immune host response mycology/cytology or precipitin antibodies + Permission DW Denning Aspergilloma Chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis (CCPA) Chronic fibrosing pulmonary aspergillosis (CFPA) IgE more informative on the underlying condition than for the diagnosis? Immunocompetent patients with a chronic clinical and radiological evolution (>3 months) Denning CID 2003; Smith & Denning ERJ 2010

ABPA Genetic predisposition (asthma, cystic fibrosis) + sensitisation to Aspergillus  Pulmonary eosinophilic inflammation and airway remodeling Histopathologic findings in a patient with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Agarwal R Chest 2009;135:805-826 ©2009 by American College of Chest Physicians

Rosenberg and Patterson criteria for the diagnosis of ABPA Major Criteria « ARTEPICS » Minor criteria - Asthma - Roentgenographic fleeting pulmonary opacities - Skin test positive for Aspergillus (HS type I) - Eosinophilia Precipiting antibodies (IgG) in serum - IgE in serum > 1.000 IU/mL Central bronchiectasis - Serums A. fumigatus-specific IgG and IgE - Aspergillus in sputum - Expectoration of brownish black mucus plugs - Skin reaction type III to Aspergillus antigen Complex diagnosis Because colonisation and sensitisation may precede ABPA for many years, treatment has a hard (impossible??) task to act against long-term immunological disorders and tissue damage Rosenberg Ann Int Med 1977 ; Patterson Arch Int Med 1986

Which markers for early patient screening? - ABPA during asthma Aspergillus skin test in patients with bronchial asthma (Agarwal Chest 2009) - ABPA during cystic fibrosis IgE (total and anti-Aspergillus) Precipiting IgG Aspergillus detection in sputum . Clinical value during ABPA? . Clinical value before ABPA?

Rennes Teaching Hospital CF centers: Long-term follow up of 84 CF patients since 2005 19 non-colonised 38 colonised with Aspergillus - 27 ABPA  comparative performances of Aspergillus detection in sputum and of classical biological markers in the diagnosis of ABPA Sensitivity Specificity Positive predictive value Negative Positive sputum for Aspergillus - By mycological examination - By real time PCR 41.7% 50% 63.3% 31,3% 28,6% 73.1% 71.4% Positive anti-A. fumigatus antibodies 62.5% 71.7% 57,7% 82.7% Total IgE (>500 UI/microL) 91.7% 75.9% 62,9% 95.3% Positive anti-A. fumigatus IgE 95.8% 94.4% 88,5% 98.1% Eosinophil polymorphonuclear counts (>500/L) 25% 89.5% 73,9% 1. Specific anti-Aspergillus IgE 2. 50% of the patients benefited from an antifungal treatment (+/-corticosteroids) => Aspergillus detection : marker of infection + efficacy of antifungals

Evolution of the clinical status of our cohort of 84 patients between 2005 and 2007  2005-2007 Non-colonised patients 33 19 - 16 % Patients colonised with Aspergillus 27 38 + 13 % ABPA patients 24 + 3 % Screening for colonisation: An early step for the management of ABPA Interest of real time PCR in sputum? Positive sputum for Aspergillus N = 208 (84 patients) Sensitivity Specificity Positive predictive value Negative By mycological examination - By real time PCR 41.7% 50% 63.3% 31.3% 28.6% 73.1% 71.4%

Identification of patients with Aspergillus colonisation using real time PCR Baxter et al. : 104 patients with CF Park et al. : 54 sputum samples from ABPA, CPA and volunteers N Culture + PCR + Culture – PCR – Baxter et al. 104 33 42 (40%) 29 Park et al. 74 14 31 (41%) Clinical value of culture – PCR + patients? Baxter et al.: 40% of PCR positive patients had serological sensitisation 46% had serological infection without sensitisation

Detection of antifungal resistance in Aspergillus Detection of antifungal resistance in Aspergillus ? => MIC determination A. fumigatus A. terreus AmB : S AmB : R

Two difficulties exist The validation of breakpoints The low culture positive rates observed during invasive aspergillosis, CPA and ABPA : 30%-60%  What is the level of resistance in non-culturable Aspergillus ? 30 positive sputum for Aspergillus amplification (MycAssayTM) but were culture negatives S. Park et al., 2010 Amplification of the CYP51A gene using a nested PCR + analysis of azole resistance SNPs (single nucleotid polymorphisms) However, low culture positive rates are observed during IA, CPA and ABPA as we have seen previously, and this raises the lack of knowledge on antifungal resistance in patients with culture negative. Here again, molecular amplificationallows the study of non cukturable Aspergillosis as demonstrated in the group of D. Denning. Among 54 samples assyed, 30 were PCR positive. DNA amplified was the used for a nested PCR followed by the analysis of SNP on the CYP51A gene . 18/30 (60%) with an azole resistant mutation  Clinical value?? - some of the patients had documented treatment failure after single azole/panazole therapy - some of the patients had never received triazole therapy - need to be evaluated in large cohorts

Predictive markers for Aspergillus infection? The future of biology: Predictive markers for Aspergillus infection? Bochud PY et al, NEJM 2008 - TLR4 haplotypes in unrelated donors are associated with an increased risk of IA among recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic-cell transplants - Polymorphisms in genes encoding IL-1, IL-10, TNF r2, TLR1, TLR6… Seo, BMT 2005; Kesh Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; Sainz Immunol lett 2007; Sainz Human Immunol 2007; Vaid Clin Chem Lab Med 2007; Sainz J Clin Immunol 2008

Jean-pierre.gangneux@chu-rennes.fr