Energy and the Biosphere Producers are the basis of all ecosystems on the planet!

Ecosystem: all of the living and nonliving factors that exist together in a particular environment.

How is energy transferred through an ecosystem: 10% Rule

Productivity The amount of energy plants capture and make available to a given ecosystem. Which is more productive--A rainforest or a desert?

How is the sun’s energy captured? Photosynthesis: –Process producers use to transfer energy from sunlight into chemical energy (glucose) –This process UNITES all photosynthetic producers!

Diversity of photosynthetic organisms Cyanobacteria Algae –Phytoplankton (single celled –Multicellular Algae Moss Fern Gymnosperms (pines) Angiosperms (flowering plants)

Cladogram Shows relationship of true plants to algae ancestor. What would the common ancestor of both plants and algae be similar to?

Structure meets function in plants Plant organs--Observe your plant organ and see if you can describe –Structure –Function –How structure meets function Flowers, roots, stems, leaves!!!

Flowers Function: Reproduction Structure meets function: Attractive petals entice pollinators

Roots Functions –Take in water –Store sugar Structure Meets Function: root hairs increase surface area for absorption

Stems Functions: –Transport water up (xylem) sugar down (phloem) –Can be modified for storage (potatoes) Structure meets function: –Filled with tubes that allow cohesion and adhesion of water (xylem)

Leaves Function: Photosynthesis Structure meets function: contains specialized mesophyll cells that have chloroplasts. Also waxy cuticle keeps leaf from getting waterlogged.

Photosynthesis Equation What must the plants have to capture the energy of sunlight and therefore allow this reaction?

Chlorophyll Absorption Reflection A red shirt absorbs blue and green light and reflects red light! What type of light energy does chlorophyll absorb?

Organization of the Photosynthesis Reaction

Organization within the Chloroplast

Thlakoid: Membrane containing chlorophyll. Location of the light reactions Stroma: Cytoplasm of chloroplast. Location of Calvin Cycle

What is the role of the light reactions Charge up ATP battery Needs light and chlorophyll Uses the splitting of water to provide electrons to run an electron transport chain and make ATP Waste product is oxygen gas!

What is the role of the Calvin Cycle? Add the H’s from water to the CO2 gas plants take in and make sugar! A 3-carbon sugar is made; two combine to make C 6 H 12 O 6 - glucose! Does not need light!

In your own words… Describe producers transfer light energy into chemical energy. A proficient answer discusses both the plant and what is happening in the chloroplast

Interactions between organisms within an ecosystem A biological community are all of the living things interacting in an ecosystem. Food webs display this interaction.

Food web--How are these organisms related? Identify: Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Decomposer

Transfer of Energy What is the significance of the way the arrows point? Identify 3 transfers of energy/matter: –Photosynthesis –Respiration –Decomposition

Compare and Contrast Compare and contrast photosynthesis and respiration. Make sure to include –Organism level –Ecosystem level –Cellular level –Examples both structure and function