BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, METABOLISM & PHYSIOLOGY By: Maria Rosario L. Lacandula,MD,MPH Department of Microbiology College of Medicine Our Lady of Fatima University

Objectives The student should be able to: describe the typical bacterial cell based on size, shape and groupings. describe the typical bacterial cell based on size, shape and groupings. determine the medical importance of certain structural components in a bacterial cell. determine the medical importance of certain structural components in a bacterial cell. to discuss the appropriate staining procedure to demonstrate bacterial morphology and special structures. to discuss the appropriate staining procedure to demonstrate bacterial morphology and special structures. to perform the following staining techniques to perform the following staining techniques Gram staining Gram staining Acid-Fast staining Acid-Fast staining

Objectives Discuss the growth requirements of bacteria Discuss the growth requirements of bacteria Differentiate bacteria as to: Differentiate bacteria as to: source of carbon source of carbon source of energy source of energy temperature requirement temperature requirement oxygen requirement oxygen requirement Discuss the bacterial growth curve Discuss the bacterial growth curve lag phase lag phase logarithmic phase logarithmic phase stationary phase stationary phase death phase death phase

Microscope Beam of light Beam of light Beam of electron Beam of electron

Bacterial Morphology

Bacterial Cell Prokaryotes Prokaryotes No true nucleus No true nucleus No organelles No organelles Divide-binary fission Divide-binary fission

Parts of a Cell Cell envelope Cell envelope Cell wall- murein sacculus Cell wall- murein sacculus Outer Outer Cell membrane-plasma membrane, cytoplasmic membrane Cell membrane-plasma membrane, cytoplasmic membrane Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Nucleiod Nucleiod Ribosomes Ribosomes Granules/inclusion bodies Granules/inclusion bodies

Parts of a Cell Spores Spores plasmids plasmids Appendages Appendages Capsule Capsule pili pili flagella flagella

Cell wall Peptidoglycan Peptidoglycan N acetyl glucosamine & N acetyl Muramic acid N acetyl glucosamine & N acetyl Muramic acid Protect the cell from osmotic changes Protect the cell from osmotic changes Rigidity Rigidity Multilayered in Gram positive Multilayered in Gram positive Teichoic acid Teichoic acid Mono to bi layered in Gram negative Mono to bi layered in Gram negative

. Outer membrane- gram negative only Outer membrane- gram negative only 2 layers of lipids 2 layers of lipids Inner layer-phospholipids Inner layer-phospholipids Outer layer- Lipopolysaccharide Outer layer- Lipopolysaccharide 3 regions 3 regions Lipid A Lipid A Core polysaccharide Core polysaccharide O antigen O antigen

Transmembrane proteins Transmembrane proteins Porins Porins Integral proteins Integral proteins viability viability

Cytoplasmic Membrane Lipid bi layer Lipid bi layer Selective permeability Selective permeability Site of ATP production Site of ATP production Viability Viability

Cytoplasm Nucleiod Nucleiod Chromosomal DNA Chromosomal DNA Plasmids Plasmids Inclusion bodies Inclusion bodies Storage of excess food and energy Storage of excess food and energy Metachromatic granules/ Babes ernst granules Metachromatic granules/ Babes ernst granules Much granule Much granule Spores Spores Resist adverse condition Resist adverse condition Ribosome- 70s- 50s & 30s Ribosome- 70s- 50s & 30s

Capsule Capsule Polysaccharide Polysaccharide Antiphagocytic Antiphagocytic antigenic antigenic Virulence Virulence Pili Pili Common pili- fimbriae Common pili- fimbriae Sex pili- conjugation Sex pili- conjugation antigenic antigenic

Flagella Flagella Locomotion Locomotion antigenic antigenic

Metabolism Glucose catabolism Glucose catabolism EMP pathway EMP pathway HMP HMP Etner duodoroff Etner duodoroff TCA TCA ETC ETC

Fermentation Fermentation Homolactic fermentation Homolactic fermentation Heterolactic fermentation Heterolactic fermentation Mixed acid fermentation Mixed acid fermentation

Peptidoglycan synthesis

Physiology Nutritional requirement Nutritional requirement Carbon Carbon Lithotropic Lithotropic Heterotrophic Heterotrophic Nitrogen Nitrogen Inorganic ions Inorganic ions Growth factors Growth factors

Physical Requirements Physical Requirements Oxygen Oxygen Superoxide dismutase Superoxide dismutase Catalase Catalase Redox potential Redox potential Temperature Temperature Ph Ph Osmotic condition Osmotic condition

Bacterial growth cycle Lag Stationary death log No of viable cell time