14-Oct-15GNED002 - Ancient Empires1 Ancient Egypt Land and History

14-Oct-15GNED002 - Ancient Empires2

14-Oct-15GNED002 - Ancient Empires3 Overview  Geography  Old Kingdom  1st Intermediate Period  Middle Kingdom  2nd Intermediate Period  New Kingdom  3rd Intermediate Period  Graeco-Roman Period

14-Oct-15GNED002 - Ancient Empires4 Geography  The Nile Valley –Unchanged until Aswan Dam built in 1960’s  Annual floods –Alluvial soils good for farming –Requires little irrigation

14-Oct-15GNED002 - Ancient Empires5 Village Life to 3000 BC  Archaic culture –Nile delta –Hunting and fishing  Agriculture –Sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, geese –Emmer wheat, two-rowed barleyEmmer wheat  4221 BC –Base year of Egyptian calendarEgyptian calendar 4500 BC

14-Oct-15GNED002 - Ancient Empires6 The Predynastic Period  Origins in earlier Sumerian empire  Upper and Lower Nile cultures  Larger towns and cities –Craft specialization –Divine kingship  Development of religious system –temples, priest class, writing  New cultigenscultigens –flax, cotton –grapes, wine for export 3200 BC Making beer Harvesting and Treading grapes

14-Oct-15GNED002 - Ancient Empires7 Early Dynastic Period  Mystery of Unification –Ancient Egyptians: People of Two Lands (Upper & Lower Egypt) –King Scorpion, Narmer Kings of southern Egypt Shown wearing combined Red (Lower) and White (Upper) Crown  1st Dynasty First Pharaoh: Menes founded city of Thebes, capital city: Memphis National administration, royal governors The Narmer Palette BC 64 cm schist

14-Oct-15GNED002 - Ancient Empires8 The Old Kingdom 2nd to 4th Dynasty  3rd Dynasty –Djoser Step Pyramid Imhotep: architect & doctor  4th Dynasty –builders of Pyramids Khufu (Great Pyramid) Chephren Menkaure –locations: Giza, Dashur –first embalming Djoser’s Pyramid The Great Sphinx at Giza BC BC

14-Oct-15GNED002 - Ancient Empires9 First Intermediate Period  Weakened Old Kingdom –major famines –weak leadership  Intermediate Period –nomes (provinces) self- governing –many kings 7th - 11th Dynasties –Mentuhotep II Re-establishes order BC Pepi I 6th Dynasty Mentuhotep BC

14-Oct-15GNED002 - Ancient Empires10 The Middle Kingdom  11th Dynasty –Mentuhotep II Established capital at Thebes Expansion south along Nile  12th Dynasty –Amenemhet I Mentuhotep’s vizier –Senusret I Conquest of Nubia Fortresses, mining –first rock-cut tombs –Amenemhet III Land reclamation Labyrinth pyramid at Hawara BC Pyramid of Hawara Shrine of Senusret I BC

14-Oct-15GNED002 - Ancient Empires11 Second Intermediate Period  13th & 14th Dynasties –Military decline  Hyksos Dynasties (15 & 16) –“rulers of foreign lands”, from Canaan –settled in eastern Delta –introduced chariots, horses, bows, armour –adopted Egyptian language, customs  17th Dynasty –Fierce families from Luxor Challenged Hyksos kings BC BC Hyksos chariot

14-Oct-15GNED002 - Ancient Empires12 The New Kingdom: 18th Dynasty, Part 1  Dynasty of empire building –Conquest & lavish temples, tombs  Ahmose I –Drove Hyksos out of Egypt –Tight central control  Thutmose I –Extended empire to 3rd cataract –Led army to Euphrates River  Queen Hatshepsut –Commercial expansion e.g. Punt –temple at Deir El-Bahari BC BC BC Queen Hatshepsut Obelisk of Thutmose I

14-Oct-15GNED002 - Ancient Empires13 The New Kingdom: 18th Dynasty, Part 2  Thutmose III –Conquest of Palestine and Syria –Effective army and navy, administration –Tribute built temples at Karnak, Abydos  Amenhotep III –Extensive architecture e.g. Luxor, Thebes –Peace and prosperity, height of empire –Amarna Letters: clay records of diplomacy  Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) –Banned all cults except sun god Aten –Queen Nefertiti: famous beauty –Removed wealth of Amen temples –New styles in art and literature BC BC BC Amenhotep III Nefertiti and Akhenaten

14-Oct-15GNED002 - Ancient Empires14 The New Kingdom: 18th Dynasty, Part 3  Tutankhamen –Child Pharaoh –Priest advisers restored old cults –Intact tomb found in 1922, Howard Carter  Horemheb –Tutankhamen’s general of army –Restored order, central administration –Moved army against invaders Tutankhamen BC Horemheb’s Tomb

14-Oct-15GNED002 - Ancient Empires15 The New Kingdom: 19th & 20 th Dynasty  restoration of military power  Seti I –Reconquest of Palestine  Ramses II –Military campaigns: Battle of Kadesh –Extensive building program Temple of Amen at Karnak Temple of Rameses at Abu Simbel –Queen Nefertari  End: weak leadership, powerful Theban priests ruled Upper Egypt Queen Nefertari Ramses II at Abu Simbel BC

14-Oct-15GNED002 - Ancient Empires16 Third Intermediate Period: Libya  Period of peace and stability, divided kingdom  21st Dynasty –Egypt split, two capitals Tanis in North (Nile Delta) Thebes in South  22nd Dynasty –Libyan military –reconquered Palestine & Syria –ended in competing dynasties BC BC

14-Oct-15GNED002 - Ancient Empires17 Third Intermediate Period: Nubia  25th Dynasty –Nubia conquered Egypt –kept Egyptian traditions  Invasion by Assyria –Thebes sacked  26th Dynasty –Libyan power assured peace –Suez canal built, Syrian campaigns –Peace, prosperity Strong Greek influences BC Kush (Nubia) BC Shabaka Suez Canal

14-Oct-15GNED002 - Ancient Empires18 Third Intermediate Period: Persia  27th Dynasty –Egypt as Persian satrapy, breadbasket –Peace, prosperity  28th - 30th Dynasty –Return of Egyptian rule under Artaxerxes II  31st Dynasty –Persian Artaxerxes III reconquers –dark period: temples sacked, heavy tribute demanded BC BC BC Darius I Persian coin Persian Empire

14-Oct-15GNED002 - Ancient Empires19 The Graeco-Roman Period  Alexander the Great –Founded Alexandria –Installed Ptolemies as rulers  Ptolemy I –Alexander’s general as satrap –Later became independent –Introduction of coins Eliminated barter system –Fusion of Egyptian & Greek elements BC Ptolemy I coin Temple of Isis at Phylae BC Alexander the Great

14-Oct-15GNED002 - Ancient Empires20 Ptolemies  Ptolemy II –Called Philadelphus –Unified administration, did census –Alexandria library, literature & science  Ptolemy III –Consolidated empire –Built Horus Temple at Edfu  Ptolemy V –Golden age of arts and science –Rosetta Stone written in Greek and Egyptian BC BC Rosetta Stone Horus temple at Edfu Ptolemy II BC

14-Oct-15GNED002 - Ancient Empires21 End of Egyptian Rule  Ptolemy VI - XII –Increasing Roman influence  Cleopatra VII –Ruled with brother Ptolemy XIII 3 years, then civil war –Julius Caesar defeated brother Caesar murdered 44 BC –Romance with Mark Antony Antony defeated by Octavian (Augustus Caesar) at Actium –Death of Cleopatra Egypt becomes Roman province Supplies food to Roman Empire BC BC Julius Caesar Cleopatra VII Mark Antony