Biodiversity concepts and policy Agnès Ricroch, Jacques Baudry, Françoise Burel, Audrey Boisron, Rejan Guedes-Bruni, and Nicky Allsopp

The relationship between agriculture and biodiversity conservation differs in policies from South Africa, Brazil and France. In South Africa, biodiversity concerns are often addressed in agricultural policy whilst some conservation legislation accommodates agricultural concerns. In Brazil agricultural activities seem to be excluded from biodiversity conservation in both federal and state public policies. In France, policy-makers design public policies in an intermediate way between the South African and Brazilian ones. There is a need for a comparative analysis looking at the implementation of biodiversity in research studies to better understand how biodiversity was introduced and used in environmental policy making with agricultural issues. First we studied the evolution of meanings/perceptions of the concept of biodiversity in literature (different ways to use the concept of biodiversity). Then we examined how the term ‘biodiversity’ has been introduced in public research, if it is consistent with the framework policy makers are working with in the three study countries. It is important to understand how research studies with both agriculture and biodiversity issues have been developed. Is such research characterized by an interdisciplinary approach? Based on data from South Africa, Brazil and France we identified calls for proposals and final reports which included biodiversity. We also considered how biodiversity has been implemented in research degrees in biodiversity (PhD degree). Universities and research institutes alike do not have enough trained personnel to provide training that might fulfil the demands of professionals making decisions related to environmental issues. We conclude with a critical analysis of environmental public policies in training and research areas in the three case-studies.

Biodiversity concepts and public policies Table of contents 1. Introduction 2. Evolution of means of the concept in literature / Different ways to use the concept of biodiversity 3. Biodiversity in calls for proposals 3.1 Brazilian case-study (incl. Brazilian biodiversity and Atlantic Forest in Brazil ) 3.2 South African case-study 3.3 French case-study 4. Research degrees in Biodiversity 4.1 Brazilian case-study 4.2 South African case-study 4.3 French case-study 5. Conclusion

Number of French PhD dissertations using the keyword « biodiversity » (n = 48) Law, geography, economic sciences 7 Biology (e.g. population genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology) 17 Environment (e.g. biostratigraphy, paleoenvironment,), Ecology (micro-organisms ecology, landscape ecology,) 24

Brazilian case Collecting Brazilian data production: to complement data –From 2008 until September (references) ca ? –Master dissertations and PhD from 1988 until september Classify into key words (flora, fauna, inventory, dynamic, landscape, diversity, biological conservation, management, sustainibilty, local people) Collecting financial support programms involving biodiversity and conservation: ca. 12 (since 1988) Collecting training courses in biodiversity and conservation

French case On-line checking Collecting calls for proposal (financial support programms) involving biodiversity: since 1999 Collecting PhD in biodiversity: ca. 48 since 1997