Educational Psychology: Theory and Practice Chapter 5 Behavioral Theories of Learning This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. ISBN: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2003

Organizing Questions   What Is Learning?   What Behavioral Learning Theories Have Evolved?

Organizing Questions   What Are Some Principles of Behavioral Learning?   How Has Social Learning Theory Contributed to our Understanding of Human Learning?

What is Learning?   Experience   Intentional   Unintentional   Stimuli

Classical Conditioning Neutral Stimulus Unconditioned StimulusUnconditioned Response Conditioned StimulusConditioned Response causes an when paired with an becomes a Unconditioned Stimulus which causes a

Classical Conditioning: An Example Loud noise (UCS)Startle (UCR) Presentation (NS)Loud noise (UCS) Presentation (CS)Startle/Fear (CR) causes a when paired with a becomes awhich causes a

The Law of Effect Actions that are followed by favorable consequences are more likely to be repeated than actions followed by unfavorable consequences.

Operant Conditioning   The Use of Pleasant and Unpleasant Consequences to Control Behavior   Reinforcing Consequences Increase the Likelihood a Behavior Will Be Repeated.   Punishing Consequences Decrease the Likelihood a Behavior Will Be Repeated.

Role of Consequences: Reinforcement   Primary Reinforcement   Secondary Reinforcement

Reinforcement Examples  Primary Reinforcer  Food  Water  Praise  Secondary Reinforcer  Money  High Grades

Reinforcement   Positive Reinforcement   Negative Reinforcement

Reinforcement Examples   Positive Reinforcement   A Gold Star for an Assignment Well Completed   Encouragement for Effort   Negative Reinforcement   Not Having to Re-Write a Well-Written Paper   Recess Starting on Time Once All Students Are Seated Quietly

Role of Consequences: Reinforcement  Premack Principle

Reinforcement Examples   Premack Principle “If you clean up your room before your cousins arrive, we’ll go to the movies when they get here.”

Reinforcement   Intrinsic Reinforcement   Extrinsic Reinforcement

Reinforcement Examples   Intrinsic Reinforcers   Playing the Violin for Its Own Sake   Reading a Good Book for the Pleasure of Reading   Extrinsic Reinforcers   Doing Algebra Homework to Avoid Getting a Bad Grade   Receiving Praise for Writing a Strong Essay

Punishment   Presentation Punishment   Removal Punishment

Punishment Examples   Presentation Punishment   Scolding a Student for Talking during a Lesson   An “F” for a Poorly Written Essay   Removal Punishment   Removal of Freedom to be with Friends with Detention   Grounding an Adolescent for Breaking Curfew

Immediacy of Consequences   Immediate versus Delayed Consequences   Clarifies the Connection between Behavior and Consequence   Increases the Informational Value of Feedback

Shaping  Reinforcing Successive Approximations of a Desired Outcome  Applications for the Classroom

Extinction   The Weakening and Eventual Elimination of a Learned Behavior with Removal of Reinforcement.   Extinction Burst   Consequences for Classroom Management

Schedules of Reinforcement   Fixed Ratio   Variable Ratio   Fixed Interval   Variable Interval

Maintenance   Natural Reinforcers   Intrinsic Reinforcers   Resistance to Extinction

Role of Antecedents   Cueing   Discrimination   Generalization   Techniques for Increasing Generalization

Social Learning Theory   Modeling   Phases of Observational Learning   Attentional Phase   Retention Phase   Reproduction Phase   Motivational Phase

Social Learning Theory   Vicarious Learning   Self-Regulated Learning

Social Learning Theory: Meichenbaum   Self-Regulated Learning (Cognitive Behavior Modification)   Self-Reinforcement

Strengths and Limitations of Behavioral Learning Theories   Firmly Established Basic Principles   Limited Scope   Social Learning Theory as Bridge between Behavioral and Cognitive Theories

End of Chapter 5