Aplikasi Motivasi Organisasi Chapter 7 Mata kuliah: J Pengelolaan Organisasi Entrepreneurial Dosen Pembuat: D Rudy Aryanto Tahun : 2009

Learning Objectives –Explain differences between social learning theory and reinforcement theory –Discuss how self-managing can be useful in developing a motivation program –Describe how expectancy, equity, and goal-setting theories are used to motivate employees –Define intrinsic and extrinsic rewards and how these rewards influence employee motivation

The Sage of Stock Options Stock options –Have replaced salary and bonuses as the most significant part of executive pay –Place a lien against the company –When exercised, reduce the value of other stock shares –May reward one person and distress others

Learning One of the fundamental processes underlying behavior and motivation –A relatively enduring change in behavior occurs as a result of practice Changes in behavior that characterize learning may be… –Adaptive and promote effectiveness –Non-adaptive and ineffective

Social Learning Behavior is acquired through observation and imitation of others in a social context –Continuous interaction of cognitive, behavioral, and environmental determinants –Can be positive or negative

Social Learning Social learning theory introduces… –Vicarious learning (modeling) –Symbolism –Self-control Self-efficacy, a central part of social learning theory, has three dimensions –Magnitude –Strength –Generality

Pygmalion Effect The enhanced learning or performance that results from others having positive expectations of us.

Operant Conditioning Learning that occurs as a consequence of behavior –Operants are behaviors that can be controlled by altering reinforcers and the punishments that follow them Behavior modification –An approach to motivation that uses principles of operant conditioning –Learning by reinforcement

Example of Operant Conditioning S 1 Memo instructing subordinate to prepare budget Conditioned stimulus S 1 Memo instructing subordinate to prepare budget Conditioned stimulus R 1 Preparing weekly budgets Conditioned operant response R 1 Preparing weekly budgets Conditioned operant response R 2 A sense of satisfaction Unconditioned response R 2 A sense of satisfaction Unconditioned response S 2 Receiving valued praise from superior Reinforcing stimulus S 2 Receiving valued praise from superior Reinforcing stimulus Antecedent Behavior Consequence

Principles of Operant Conditioning Positive reinforcement –Action that increases the likelihood of a behavior Negative reinforcement –Strengthens a behavior because the behavior removes some painful or unpleasant stimulus Punishment –Undesirable consequence that results in the suppression of the behavior that brought it about Extinction –Decline in response rate due to non-reinforcement

Behavior Modification Identify and define the specific behavior –Can it be seen? –Can it be measured? Measure or count occurrences of the pinpointed behavior –Provides a baseline from which to determine if the behavior is changing

Applied Behavior Modification Conduct ABC analysis of the behavior –A = analyzing the antecedents –B = pinpointing critical behaviors –C = associated consequence Then –Develop an action plan and strategies –Evaluate the behavior