Personal Development Mr. Young Psychology Unit 2: Chapter 4, Section 2 Personal Development Mr. Young Psychology

Different developments A sense of identity and self-esteem are very important and depend very much on friends Three different developments: Cognitive Moral Identity

Cognitive Development Thinking patterns of adults emerge, such as abstract thinking (Piaget called this formal operations Start to think more about their own life Rationalization- a process whereby an individual seeks to explain an often unpleasant emotion or behavior in a way that will preserve his/her self-esteem

Cognitive Cont. Usually see a change in personality and social interactions Become idealistic, rebellious, “messiah complex” Lots of risk-taking, impatience with the previous generation David Elkind came up with 6 different problems faced by adolescents

Finding fault with authority figures People they admire may fall short of who they really are.

Argumentativeness Are not afraid to express their views

Indecisiveness Many choices create many indecisive moments

Apparent Hypocrisy Have tough time living up to their ideal

Self-Consciousness Everyone and everything is focuses on you

Invulnerability I am Invincible, i can’t die, risk-taking

Lawrence Kohlberg Stage 1: totally egocentric, avoid punishment at all cost Stage 2: Receive rewards and avoid punishment Stage 3: want social approval, worry about what others think Stage 4: law and order, moral issues Stage 5: law is fair or just, it is good for society as a whole Stage 6: ethical principles that apply to everyone, such as the golden rule

Moral Development A person’s moral development depend on many factors. Most important: relationship he has with this parents or significant others Most moral development occurs not during high school but during college

Erik Erikson

Identity Development Erik Erikson- shown how identity is key to adolescent development

Erikson theory of Identity Crisis Building an identity is unique to teens by thinking about the future as reality Identity crisis- a period of inner conflict during which adolescents worry intensely about who they are Several factors: physiological, cognitive, sex drives, intimacy Focused his study on disturbed teens who were seeking helping

Erikson Cont. Feel torn by choice of being unique and trying to just fit in Crisis between Identity formation vs. Identity confusion Task of adolescence is to become unique individual with a valid sense of self in society

Erikson Cont. Identity forms when the adolescent can resolve issues and answer the questions, “Who Am I?” Role confusion is normal Confusion is represented by childish behavior to avoid resolving conflicts and by being impulsive in decision making

Marcia’s view of Identity Crisis James Marcia agreed with Erikson Identity moratorium adolescents: considering issues but no decisions made yet Identity foreclosure adolescents: made commitment based on suggestion of others Identity confused/diffused adolescents: no serious thought to decisions or identity Identity achievement adolescents: have thought about and made decisions freely

Social Learning View A.C. Peterson say that crisis is not the normal view Crisis is generally a change in external circumstances rather than biological such as divorce

Albert Badura Albert Bandura, Social learning theory- emphasizes interaction with others

Margaret Mead Human development is a continuous process, not one marked by radical change In remote countries, adolescence not expected to act much different than they did as kids or will as adults. Also, have gender roles that are the same as adults