1 Bio102 Laboratory 10 Gross & Histological Anatomy of the Respiratory System Pulmonary tests using the Spirolab II

2 Objectives for today’s lab 1. Master calculations for respiratory volumes/capacities 2. Recognize the gross anatomical structures listed below a) on human torso models or isolated models examined in lab b) in photographs of human models c) in the cat or in photographs of the cat 3. Identify microscopically, in photomicrographs a) the type of epithelium lining the respiratory tract b) mucus glands/goblet cells c) respiratory cilia 4. Assess your pulmonary function (FVC and FEV 1 ) using the Spirolab II electronic spirometer.

3 Review of Respiratory Volumes/Capacities Figure from:

4 Tabular Method of Calculating Volumes/Capacities Approximate Standard Lung Volumes and Capacities (See your Laboratory Guide, “Alveolar Ventilation” from Levitzky) IC = TV + IRV FRC = ERV + RV VC = TV + IRV + ERV TLC = VC + RV TLC = 6.0 L IC = 3.0 L IRV = 2.5 L VC = 4.5 L TV = 0.5 L FRC = 3.0 L ERV = 1.5L RV = 1.5 L

5 Nasal cavity Vestibule of nasal cavity External nares Palatine bone Uvula (Soft palate) Larynx Laryngopharynx Oropharynx Nasopharynx Internal nares Opening of pharyngotympanic tube Sphenoidal sinus Frontal sinus Epiglottis Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage

6 6 Mucous in Respiratory Tract Irritation of any sort greatly increases mucus production The Mucus Escalator Respiratory mucosa lines the conducting passageways and is responsible for filtering, warming, and humidifying air. Cilia move mucus and trapped particles from the nasal cavity (>10 µm) to the pharynx, and lower respiratory tract (1-5 µm) to pharynx

7 7 Larynx Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001 Posterior Protective Sound Covered by folds of laryngeal epithelium that project into glottis Vocal folds (cords) Vestibular folds Inelastic Elastic

8 Epiglottis Lesser horn of hyoid Thyroid cartilage Cricothyroid ligament Cricoid cartilage Tracheal cartilage Cricothyroid muscle Thyrohyoid muscle Arytenoid cartilage Body of hyoid bone Greater horn of hyoid bone

9 Epiglottis Thyroid cartilage Rima glottidis Vocal fold Cricoid cartilage Cricotracheal ligament Trachealis muscle Tracheal cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Corniculate cartilage Hyoid bone Thyrohyoid muscle

10 Hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Epiglottis Corniculate cartilage

11 Greater horn of hyoid bone Vestibular fold Vocal fold Cricoid cartilage Epiglottis Lesser horn of hyoid bone Body of hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Cricothyroid ligament Tracheal cartilage Thyrohyoid membrane

12 12 Trachea & Primary Bronchi Figures from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001 C-rings of cartilage: incomplete rings completed posteriorly by trachealis muscle keep trachea open (patent) (T5) (T6) Anterior Posterior Note that the trachea is anterior to the esophagus

13 13 The Lungs Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, lobes2 lobes Note that the number of secondary bronchi = number of lung lobes

14 Hyoid bone Larynx Cricotracheal ligament Lobar bronchus Higher-order bronchus Main bronchus Segmental bronchus Trachea Thyrohyoid membrane Epiglottis of larynx

15 Respiratory diaphragm Inferior lobe of left lung Middle lobe of right lung Superior lobe of right lung Trachea Main bronchus Lobar bronchus

16 Larynx

17 Vocal cords (true and false) Hyoid bone Opening to esophagus Glottis Base of tongue Epiglottis

18 Epiglo ttis True vocal cords Thyroid cartilage (cut) Thyroid gland Trac hea Cricoid cartilage (cut)

19 Cricoid cartilage Left anterior lobe of lung Left middle lobe of lung Left posterior lobe of lung Respiratory diaphragm Right posterior lobe of lung Right middle lobe of lung Right anterior lobe of lung Trachea Thyroid cartilage

20 Tests of Pulmonary Function Figure from: McConnell, The Nature of Disease, 2 nd ed., LWW, 2014

21 Pulmonary Tests: Restrictive vs. Obstructive Disease Figure from: McConnell, The Nature of Disease, 2 nd ed., LWW, 2014 Obstructive Disease: Greatly decreased FEV 1 /FVC Restrictive Disease: Approximately normal FEV 1 /FFV (However both volume and flow rate are reduced) In BOTH diseases: O 2 and CO 2 exchange are limited

22 Pulmonary Disorders – Restrictive Diseases Stiffness of the lungs –Limits volume of lung expansion –Limits rate of expansion and contraction Characterized by –Chronic inflammation –Fibrosis –Stiffening of alveolar interstitium Most cases show idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Figure from: McConnell, The Nature of Disease, 2 nd ed., LWW, 2014

23 Pulmonary Disorders – Obstructive Disorders Obstructive lung disease –General barrier to smooth airflow –Usually at the level of the smaller bronchial tree –**Problem is getting air out (exhalation), not in –Lung volume is NOT affected (thus, ↓ FEV 1 /FVC) –Common signs and symptoms Dyspnea and wheezing –Common obstructive disorders: Asthma COPD (Emphysema, Chronic bronchitis) Bronchiectasis Cystic fibrosis

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28 For Next Lab Human and Cat digestive system anatomy –Gross anatomy: torso models, isolated digestive organ models, and cats –Microscopic anatomy: microscope slides