Well Monitoring Hot Geothermal Wells Pressure, Temperature Tool based on High Temperature Electronics Developed for Commercial Aircraft Engine Control Systems 40, C

Metal migration failure is a function of Current Density, Time and Temp. Plot is from Honeywell SOI group, Bruce Ohme HT SOI Electronics

Doing everything right to stop aging –No right angle metallization paths –No on chip metal bridges –No voids in the die attach –Keep TECs matched –Ideal wire bonds –Eliminate intermetallic growth Show me a 225C/5yr electronic device and I will show you a 125C/30yr device Eliminating Aging

Achieved 18-bit dynamic range: ~ 20uV or 0.01 psi on a 3K transducer One of the Deep Trek parts: Ideal for pressure measurements Demonstrated operation: -55  C to 375  C An Example: HT SOI Precision Amplifier

Field testing First well was in 2003

Today’s Well Monitoring Tool

Both Wired Tubing and Standard Logging Cable ¼ inch Incoloy tubing with two high temperature wires has been used in steam flood wells. The Perma Works well monitoring tool has been run using standard 600F mono conductor armored logging cable For well monitoring, the 2 wires inside ¼ inch tubing is best.

No Computer Temperature Compensation was applied to the Calibration Data Below! Even standard flasked tools use long polynomial temperature correction algorithms! Our self- compensation is done downhole allowing our tool to stay in calibration longer and over extreme temperatures found in Geothermal wells. PW HT SOI Well Monitoring Tool

Monitoring Steam Injection Wells

200C 250C 200C 250C 260C PW HT SOI Well Monitoring Tool Here the tool NEVER leaves the well for ~24 hrs. This tool can support hydraulic fracturing up to 25,000 psi/275C

PW HT Well Monitoring Tool Noise in Measurement 250C The blue line is 1 wire, signal + power on 1 wire The red line is 2 wire, signal alone on 1 wire

PW HT SOI Well Monitoring Tool 6 Sec FT You can target capturing fracturing events as speed and volume of fluid entering the facture. Two way communication allows the operator to change data formats as well testing requires without removing the tool.

Well Monitoring Tool General Spec’s Absolute sensor accuracy 550°F (275°c) 0.35% res. Noise floor at 250C: 3 Std Dev is <0.0013V out of a 3.5V FS FS) Tool electronics are 0.9in X 18in. Optional 575°F (300°C) with loss of some resolution and operating life Expected Life Span (Within Manufacturers Spec’s) under continuous power 400°F – 10 years 450°F – 2 years 500°F – 1 year 535°F – 6 months Tool pressure rating in two versions: 12,000psi and 25,000 psi Tool Dimension 4.5 ft. x 1.75 in OD Voltage /current15-18 VDC with current <35mA at all temperatures Measurements Pressure, Temperature, Cable Loss, Electronic Auto-Zero to correct electronic measurement drift over time Dual sampling: Cycling all readings every 15 Sec OR 24 readings every second on any one measurement to capture well testing events. Either 7/32 mono-conductor armored cable Or 1/4in wired tubing cable head Tubing can be either 1 wire or 2 wire. Extra signal wire improves measurement performance. Options: There are two data channels open. Additional pressure for pressure above or below a fluid pump for differential pressure. Additional vibration sensors for pump wear indication.

Combining Fiber and Electronics The PW-PT535A tool can be coupled with the DTS fiber/wire combination cable sold by Draka, a member of the Prysmian Group. Draka’s fluorine doped fiber has increased hydrogen resistance when tested at 300°C and 220 psi partial pressure H 2. Draka’s research has been funded by Department of Energy under Award Number DE_EE Having both DTS and electronic pressure/temperature measurements provides the best of both worlds