Respiration and Excretion

 Breathing is the movement of the chest that brings oxygen into the lungs and removes waste gases (carbon dioxide)  Oxygen that enters our lungs is carried by our blood to our cells  Simultaneously the digestive system is releasing glucose to our cells  The oxygen delivered to our cells is used to release energy from the glucose  This chemical reaction is known as respiration

 The combination of glucose and oxygen produce carbon dioxide, water and releases energy that is used by our cells  CO 2, and water are waste products that are carried back to the lungs in the blood and released when we exhale

 Air enters our body through the nostrils or mouth  The hairs in our nostrils trap dust  When breathing through our nose, air then passes through the nasal cavity where it is moistened and warmed by the body’s heat  Mucous in your nasal cavity also helps filter the air  Cilia in the nasal cavity sweeps mucous and trapped materials to the back of the throat to where it can be swallowed

 Tube-like passageway used by food liquid and air that enters your body through your mouth or nose.  The epiglottis is located at the lower end of the pharynx  Epiglottis is a flap of tissue that folds down when you eat to prevent food or liquid from entering into your lungs

 Once the air passes through the pharynx, it passes through the larynx  This airway is where your vocal cords are attached to  Forcing air between the vocal cords causes them to vibrate and produce sounds  Muscles tighten or loosen your vocal cords, which enables you to produce different sounds

 Air moves from the larynx into the trachea  It is a tube about 12 cm in length  Rings of cartilage keep the trachea from collapsing  Contains cilia and mucuous membranes, which trap dusts, bacteria and pollen  If the trachea collapsed, it would be difficult of even impossible to breathe

 Are two tubes that carry air into the lungs  Bronchus (singular)  Located at the end of the trachea  In the lungs the bronchi branch into smaller and smaller tubes  The smallest are called bronchioles  Alveoli are tiny, thin walled sacs at the end of each bronchiole  Air passes from the bronchi to the bronchioles to alveoli  The lungs are masses alveoli arranged in clusters

 Capillaries surround the alveoli  Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the capillaries and the alveoli  This exchange happens easily because the alveoli and capillaries are only 1 cell thick  The hemoglobin in the blood picks up the oxygen and carries it to our cells  At the same time wastes are leaving the capillaries and entering the alveoli and leave the body through exhalation

1. Define lung disease. 2. What part/s of the respiratory system are affected by the disease? 3. What is the cause/s of the disorder? 4. How does this disease affect the respiratory system? 5. What are signs or symptoms of the disease? 6. What treatments are available to people with the disorder?

 The main function of the excretory system is to remove wastes from your body  Undigested material is eliminated by your large intestine  Waste gases are eliminated by the circulatory and respiratory systems  Some salts are eliminated when you sweat  The digestive, urinary, circulatory and respiratory systems work together as parts of the excretory system

 If wastes are not removed from your body, toxic substances build up in your body and damage your organs  This can lead to serious illness or death

 Rids the blood of wastes produced by the cells.  It is part of the excretory system  Removes excess water produced by body cells during respiration  The fluid levels in our body must be regulated in order for our body to stay healthy  The hypothalamus in our brain monitors the amount of water in our bodies

 When the brain detects too much water in our blood it releases less of a hormone  This signals the kidneys to return less water to the blood and increase the amount of wastewater called urine.  A certain amount of water is needed in the blood to aid in the movement of gases and the excretion of solid wastes  The urinary systems balances the amount of salt and water necessary for all cell activities

 Kidney Is the main organ we have 2 Located on the back wall of the abdomen, waist high Filters blood that contains wastes from cells Takes about 5 minutes for all of our blood to pass through our kidneys Made up of 1 million nephrons (filtering units)

 First filtration occurs when water, sugar, salt and wastes enter the cuplike structure of the nephron. The red blood cells and proteins are not filtered  Next this liquid is squeezed into a narrow tubule and the capillaries that surround the tubule perform a second filtration.  Most of the water, sugar and salts are reabsorbed and returned to the blood

 The purified blood returns to the main circulatory system through the renal vein attached to each kidney  The liquid left behind becomes urine and flows into collecting tubules

 Urine in the collecting tubules flow into the ureter, which is a funnel shaped area of each kidney  They are tubes that lead from each kidney to the bladder

 Is an elastic muscular organ that holds urine until it leaves the body  Can hold up to.5 L of urine  When full, the bladder is stretched and thin  When empty, the bladder is wrinkled and thick

 Is a tube that is connected to the bladder  Carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body