Four Early Schools Anglo-German Franco-Belgian Leningrad School American School Rhys Davids Herman Oldenberg L. de la Vallée Poussin Paul Demiéville Etienne Lamotte Feodor Stcherbatsky Otto Rosenberg E. Obermiller Paul Carus Henry Clarke Warren Charles Rockwell Lanman

Early Focus on Texts Buddhism = Texts Receptacles of eternal truth Ahistorical vacuum Philology Compiling, editing, translating Sanskrit, Pali, Chinese Scientific methodology

Later Expansion

Main Developments 1.Move from Text to Context i.Placing text in context through Social Sciences ii.Interest in Social, Cultural and Intellectual history iii.Inclusion of popular culture, not just elites 2.Innovations i.Engaged Buddhism ii.Buddhism and Science iii.Use of Information Technology

From Text to Context

3 New Developments 1.Engaged Buddhism 3. I.T. (Digital Buddhism) 2. Buddhism and Science

1). Engaged Buddhism (‘Humanistic Buddhism’) Taiwan, rejection of ‘funerary Buddhism’ – Tsu Chi Foundation (Chen Yeng) – Fo Guang Shan (Hsin Yun) Vietnam (Thich Nhat Hanh) Tibet, Dalai Lama Western ecology and political activism

Thich Nhat Hanh Socially Engaged Buddhism consists of: – 1) awareness in daily life – 2) social service – 3) social activism 8

The Engaged Buddhist Agenda Ecology & Sustainable Development Consumerism Economics Social Justice Human Rights World Peace

Feminism/Women Rita M. Gross, Buddhism After Patriarchy: A Feminist History, Analysis, and Reconstruction of Buddhism (1992). Paula Arai, Women Living Zen: Japanese Soto Buddhist Nuns (1999) Kim Gutschow, Being a Buddhist Nun: The Struggle for Enlightenment in the Himalayas (2004) Janet Gyatso and Hanna Havnevik, Women in Tibet: Past and Present (2005) Tessa J. Bartholomeusz, Women Under the Bo Tree: Buddhist Nuns in Sri Lanka (2008).

Politics Harris, I. C. (1999). Buddhism and politics in twentieth-century Asia. New York, Continuum. Harris, I. C. (2005). Cambodian Buddhism : history and practice. Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press. Harris, I. C. and Becket Institute. (2007). Buddhism, power and political order. London ; New York, Routledge.

Peace and Conflict Victoria, Brian (1998) Zen at War. Bartholomeusz, T. J. (2002). In Defence of Dharma. Just-war ideology in Buddhist Sri Lanka. Harris, E. J. (2003). ‘Buddhism and the Justification of War: A Case Study from Sri Lanka.’ Just War in Comparative Perspective. P. Robinson. Xue, Yu. (2005). Buddhism, war, and nationalism: Chinese monks in the struggle against Japanese aggressions, Jerryson, M. K. and M. Juergensmeyer (2010). Buddhist warfare.

Social Commentary “In a time when most Buddhist leaders seem up in the clouds and most political leaders seem lacking in moral imagination, Nichtern represents the wisdom of the in between”

2). Buddhism and Science Goal of ‘seeing things as they truly are’ Methods of investigation, observation, reasoning Causal explanation and generalization based on natural laws and regularities Openness to critique and revision

a). Neuroscience Varela, Francisco J., Evan T. Thompson, and Eleanor Rosch, The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience (1992) Austin, James H., Zen and the Brain: Toward an Understanding of Meditation and Consciousness (1999) Dalai Lama, Consciousness at the Crossroads: Conversations with the Dalai Lama on Brain Science and Buddhism (1999) Wallace, B. Alan, Choosing Reality: A Buddhist View of Physics and the Mind (2003) _____ ed. Buddhism and Science: Breaking New Ground (2003) _____ Contemplative Science: Where Buddhism and Neuroscience Converge (2006) _____ Hidden Dimensions: The Unification of Physics and Consciousness (2007)

b) Quantum Physics The ‘God particle’ Fritjof Capra, The Tao of Physics (1992) Ricard, Matthieu, and Trinh Xuan Thuan, The Quantum and the Lotus: A Journey to the Frontiers Where Science and Buddhism Meet (2004). Dalai Lama, The New Physics and Cosmology: Dialogues with the Dalai Lama (2004) Lopez, Donald S., Buddhism and Science: A Guide for the Perplexed (2008)

c) Transhumanism Psychopharmaceuticals as an aid to self- transformation? Enlightenment in a pill? Systems biology “[s]afe and effective cognitive enhancers will benefit both the individual and society” Henry Greely, (bioethicist and neuroscientist) Nature 2008, p. 705.

Upload yourself to Google? Ray Kurzweil - director of engineering at Google - claims that by 2045 humans will be able to upload their entire minds to computers and become digitally immortal - an event called singularity. He made the statement at the Global Futures 2045 International Congress in New York, June 2013.

3). Digital Buddhism

IT Resources Digital editions of texts in major languages Catalogues (UCBT), databases, dictionaries Archives of photographs, films, maps Textbooks, Kindle Huntington Archive of Buddhist and Related Art Frederick Williamson Collection (films) Journal of Buddhist Ethics, Journal of Global Buddhism, JIATS, etc Buddhism: the eBook

Networking/Globalization Institutional Networks Buddhist Universities – IABU 2007 (59 members) Increased numbers of Postgraduate students with diverse interests Distance learning Social Networks Buddhist websites Cybersangha Facebook, YouTube Ebooks, Ejournals,Blogs

The Future

Guiding Global Convergence New techniques for the transformation of consciousness New values for the transformation of society New models for the development of science

New Eyes Look at the texts with new eyes, better understanding of the context Move beyond ‘commentaries on commentaries’ Dialogue with the texts

A New Style of Buddhism? Society – More engagement and critique Monasteries – Move from inner cultivation to outer transformation