Exam feedback ► 1(a) the type of memory strategy – whether Ps were instructed to form a mental image or whether they were instructed to memorise words ► 1(b) the number of words correctly recalled ► ANSWERS MUST BE OPERATIONALISED FOR 2 MARKS

1(c) independent measures design 1(d) The same word list can be used for both conditions – this means that the word list will be equally easy to learn for both groups, reducing any extraneous variables such as word difficulty 1 MARK FOR STATEMENT, 1 MARK FOR ELABORATION

► 1(e) The psychologist could carry out the experiment again on a similar group of people and see if the results are similar. This is known as the test-rest method. If the results are similar, then the results are relaible.

► 2(a) word length, word frequency, comparability of words, familiarity of words to the sample in the study ► The experimenter would have to consider whether the words in each list were of similar length – if the words in List A were all one syllable and the words in List B were two or three syllables long, the words in List B may be harder to remember. The word length would therefore act as an extraneous variable and must be controlled for.

► 2(b) repeated measures ► 2(c) One flaw in a repeated measures design could be order effects – this is when Ps do both conditions of the IV (e.g. remembering the semantically similar words and the acoustically similar words) and either get better due to practice or get worse due to boredom. One way of overcoming this flaw would be to employ the technique of counterbalancing (ABBA) – where the groups do the conditions in different orders to reduce order effects. ► YOU MUST ANSWER BOTH PARTS OF THE QUESTION TO GET FULL MARKS

Question 3(a) ► 1 mark – not operationalised ► 2 marks – fully operationalised ► There will be a difference in how many numbers are correctly recalled by children and adults.

Question 3(b) ► 1 mark – brief explanation ► 2 marks – explanation and elaboration ► The experiment uses adults in 1 condition and children in the other so it would be impossible to use a repeated measures design unless the researcher waited for the children to grow into adults.

Question 4(a) ► An experiment conducted in participants’ natural surroundings in which the experimenter manipulates the independent variable. (2 marks)

Question 4(b) ► 1 mark – identify weakness ► 2 marks – elaboration ► MUST ENGAGE WITH THE SCENARIO ► 0 marks - One weakness is that there may be extraneous variables that the experimenter cannot control. This means it’s more difficult to determine that the manipulation of the IV caused the change in the DV.

Exemplar answer ► One EV could be that as Pts didn’t know they were taking part in an experiment they may not have paid attention to the argument. This could affect their recall of the event.