Dec New Delhi Murat Sungur BURSA Former Director Prime Ministry-PIU Republic of Turkey FROM RECONSTRUCTION TO MITIGATION Turkey’s Experience in Hazard Risk Management

 Earthquakes; 70% of the population living in seismically active areas. 66% of the country is located on active fault zones. 75% of damaged buildings and %64 of total disaster losses in the last century are due to earthquakes.  Floods; Mostly in coastal plains and exacerbated by deforestation, erosion and ignorant development. 15% of total disaster losses are due to floods.  Landslides; 25% of country area is exposed to landslide hazard. 11% of total population is located in landslide areas. 16 % of total disaster losses are due to landslides. TURKEY is prone to mainly three types of natural disasters.

Average annual direct economic costs exceeded 1 billion US$ in the last decade. Average annual number of earthquakes equal or greater than a magnitude of 5.5 on the Richter scale: 0.76 (6th in the world) Number of people killed per year due to earthquakes: 950 (3rd in the world) Average number of people killed per million inhabitants: (4th in the world) Average physical exposure per year: people (8th in the world) Killed per million exposed – relative vulnerability: 346 people (4th in the world) Earthquake Toll in Turkey

In the last decade Turkey faced heavy natural disasters Erzincan Earthquake, 1992 Flood in Black Sea Region, 1998 Adana-Ceyhan Earthquake, 1998 Marmara Earthquake, 1999 After every disaster, a loan agreement was made with World Bank.

1999 Marmara Earthquake, 7.4 Richter lives lost housing units and business premises were completely destroyed, damaged to varying degrees Up to people were forced to leave their homes billion US$ direct cost

Lessons learned from Marmara Earthquake Losses / Problems Public buildings and infrastructure seriously damaged Sub-standard buildings and infrastructure Hazard ignorant development Lack of code enforcement Improper inspection during construction Corrupted permitting and licensing Communication Communication failed Communication failed Telephone lines were out of order in first 48 hours Telephone lines were out of order in first 48 hours Mobiles did not function Mobiles did not function First Aid & Rescue Lack of organization and coordination in search & rescue activities Lack of organization and coordination in search & rescue activities Caotic situation Caotic situation Bureaucracy inhibiting efficiency and effectiveness Bureaucracy inhibiting efficiency and effectiveness Insufficient logistical support Insufficient logistical support Voluntary efforts were not trained and organised Voluntary efforts were not trained and organised Serious Resource Gap billion $ as direct cost %5-7 of Turkey’s GNP

Developments after Marmara Earthquake – Worldbank as a partner  Establishment of Turkey Emergency Management General Directorate (TEMAD) a central coordination agency under Prime Minister’s Office  Setting up a National Catastrophic Insurance Program compulsory insurance for residential buildings. to minimize finance-gap and to transfer risks from individuals and state budget  Change in Disaster Management Paradigm from rehabilitation and recovery to mitigation and preparedness

Paradigm Shift in TURKEY; In the past Fate Reactive Recovery Wait and see Ex-post Crisis management Ad-hoc efforts Development at risk New Strategic Approach Choice Proactive Mitigation Anticipate and prevent Ex-ante Risk management Comprehensive approach Sustainable development

İstanbul million people, 20% of Turkey’s population, live in İstanbul. More than 40% of Turkish GNP is generated in the region. Comparable seismic risk degree with San Francisco, Los Angeles and Tokyo cities Probability of occurence of a large earthquake in next 30 years is greater than %50. Probability of occurence of a large earthquake in next 10 years is greater than %20. Impacts after a probable 7.5 Richter scale earthquake in Istanbul; Approximately dead people, injured-heavily injured people, lightly injured people direct economic loss ~30 billion US $

Global Challenge Preparedness and risk mitigation pay for itself - Donor community has a vital rolePreparedness and risk mitigation pay for itself - Donor community has a vital role Incorporate disaster sensitivity into all levels and areas of decision making including urban planning, development, investments, international loans, Incorporate disaster sensitivity into all levels and areas of decision making including urban planning, development, investments, international loans, Co-operation and sharing of experiences are essentialCo-operation and sharing of experiences are essential

TRADITIONAL Modes of Cooperation Humanitarian Search and Rescue Reactive Ex-post Recovery Wait for the incident Doctors, nurses Donor meetings THEY NEW VISION Humanitarian Search and Rescue Proactive Ex-ante Mitigation Continuous Development planners, politicians, engineers, doctors, decision makers etc. Risk management workshops WE TURKEY welcomes cooperation with all countries under this new vision and we are prepared to contribute to this process.

THANKS TO; World Bank and other contributors for:World Bank and other contributors for: the organization of this important conference the organization of this important conference All participants who are openly and generously sharing their experiencesAll participants who are openly and generously sharing their experiences