T. ECFA Debrecen, 2006/10/06 1 T. Csörgő MTA KFKI RMKI, Budapest, Hungary Hungary in PHENIX at RHIC, BNL and TOTEM at LHC, CERN A Hungarian team in PHENIX - milestones and achievements: RHIC Scientists serve up “Perfect Liquid”, April 18, 2005 BRAHMS, PHENIX, PHOBOS, STAR White Papers, NPA, 2005 AIP Top Physics Story 2005 Hungarian chronology and results in PHENIX Perfect fluids: analysing and understanding the observations Exact (i.e. not numerical) integrals of fluid dynamics Evidence for hydrodynamic scaling in RHIC data A fluid of quarks at RHIC Projected time schedule and manpower Investment to forward physics & future: Hungary & TOTEM at LHC

T. ECFA Debrecen, 2006/10/06 2 Location of PHENIX experiment: BNL RHIC: Relativistic Heavy Ion (and polarized proton) Collider E cms(NN) = 200 GeV (also at 130, 62.4 and 19.6 GeV) Au+Au, Cu+Cu, pp+pp, d+Au collisions 4 experiments: BRAHMS, PHENIX, PHOBOS, STAR Hungarian institutional participation: PHENIX Clearly defined upgrade programmes: PHENIX HBD; RHIC-II, eRHIC “RHIC has a bright future” “RHIC likely will survive the next decade” (~ 2020) (S. Aronson, BNL Director, Oct/3/06) Approved upgrades:

T. ECFA Debrecen, 2006/10/06 3 PHENIX photons, electrons muons and hadrons Investigates all stages of the reaction Penetrating probes: early state of the reaction Hadrons

T. ECFA Debrecen, 2006/10/ st milestone: new phenomena Suppression of high pt particle production in Au+Au collisions at RHIC

T. ECFA Debrecen, 2006/10/ nd milestone: new form of matter d+Au: no suppression Its not the nuclear effect on the structure functions Au+Au: new form of matter !

T. ECFA Debrecen, 2006/10/ rd milestone: Top Physics Story 2005http://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-ex/

T. ECFA Debrecen, 2006/10/06 7 T. Cs. Fulbright Advanced Research Award (1998) theoretical physics w M. Gyulassy, Columbia Uni. + initiation of a PHENIX group in Hungary with W.A.Zajc, PHENIX Spokesperson (Columbia Uni.) and with J. Zimányi ( ) Head, Science Council, KFKI RMKI : Fundraising period : Hungarian contributions to PHENIX started: ZDC Pisa simulation, contribution to centrality determination (A. Ster, KFKI RMKI/MFA) P. Tarján, V. Veszprémi (Debrecen) contribution to PHENIX EMCal quality assurance, calibrations, lead by G. David 2002:Memorandum of Understanding signed: between PHENIX Experiment, Physics Department of BNL, Debrecen University, ELTE University and KFKI RMKI, Budapest 2006: Memorandum of Understanding between PHENIX and PHENIX-Hungary Institutions has been extended till 2011 Hungarian chronology in PHENIX

T. ECFA Debrecen, 2006/10/06 8 Cutting edge advantage: Extended MoU with PHENIX: no running cost! KFKI RMKI: 3 faculty + 1 student ELTE group: 1 faculty + 2 students Debrecen: 0 faculty + 1 visiting prof + 2 grad. students + 2 others PHENIX: production mode, exciting live physics /TOTEM: building up, investment nature/ in both cases: theoretical activity, desire to understand results. Unique nature of the group: students are trained both in theory and in experiment and have to be able to prepare papers in both. 2006: fundraising : PHENIX data taking shifts, data analysis :TOTEM DAQ (*) TOTEM data taking and analysis (*) PHENIX upgrades: interested but no funds for this Electronics, PHENIX DAQ: same Data production: same Software infrastructure and analysis: PHENIX-Hungary cluster 38 CPU-s, used for simulations in Global/Hadron PWG, PPG05 Shortage of funds in Hungary (OTKA/government budget problem): limits manpower, most serious risk Upgrade plans for PHENIX-Hu: computing+grid, proposals submitted Hu in PHENIX: chronology projection

T. ECFA Debrecen, 2006/10/06 9 PHENIX Hungary and summary of contributions: 12 Hungarian authors and three Hu Institutions on PHENIX review paper (White Paper, Nucl, Phys, A (2005). By now: SLAC Spires famous paper, AIP Top Physics Story in 2005 Debrecen University (mentor prof. P. Raics): Dávid Gábor (BNL/Debrecen) founder of the group, Founding member of PHENIX: design, fund raising, construction, operation, data taking and analysis. Important discovery: suppression of high p t  0 production in central Au+Au collisions (2001). Cover page of PRL and top-cited paper at RHIC. In the control experiment d+Au the suppression of high pt particle production is not seen (2003), hence new form of matter is created in Au+Au collisions at RHIC. Author of several analysis notes, group leader in PHENIX. Visited Hungary during his holidays, at various times on his budget. Trained several Debrecen students who contributed significantly to EMCal related observations in PHENIX. A need for local PHENIX team leader.

T. ECFA Debrecen, 2006/10/06 10 Debrecen PhD Students Péter Tarján (PhD?), József Imrek, V. Veszprémi, Róbert Vértesi (PhD) Experts of PHENIX EMCal, contibuted to neutral pion spectra in 200 GeV-es Au+Au. Authors of a number if analysis notes. EMcalorimter: improvement and modernization of its simulatiions and calibrations. Contributions to observation of direct gamma production by quarks. Important contributions to fast Monte-Carlo of hadronic gamma production, needed to reconstruct direct photons below 6 GeV. Reconstruction and timing: contribution to 11 PHENIX papers in Note: all pictures taken during PHENIX data taking runs (run3-run6)

T. ECFA Debrecen, 2006/10/06 11 Contributions from ELTE: Excellent students Máté Csanád: PHENIX ZDC on-line and off- line calibration, HBT and spectrum analysis, contributed to the recongnition of perfect fluid picture, Fulbright Student Award to SUNY at Stony Brook. PHENIX preliminary two and three-particle correlation function measurement, paper preparation for the perfect fluid of quarks (PPG062) paper (PhD). Ádám Kiss: PHENIX Institutional Board member for ELTE, fund raising, student training. M. Nagy: Monte-Carlo Simulations for PHENIX imaging paper (PPG052) and analysis of Lévy stable correlations (MSc). Improvement on Bjorken energy density estimation: a factor of 2 higher densities!

T. ECFA Debrecen, 2006/10/06 12 KFKI RMKI - centrality and self-similarity of flow Csörgő, Tamás Organization of PHENIX-Hu team ( ). Internal PHENIX analysis notes. Collaboration with researchers from Columbia (Zajc) and SUNY at Stony Brook (Lacey). Contributions to imaging, HBT, spectra, v2 analysis. Search for chiral symmetry restoration (preliminary data). Fundraising (OTKA, MTA-NSF-OTKA, NATO, Fulbright, BNL,...) Hidas, Pál: Shifts, ZDC calibration, monitoring, correlation studies Ster, András: PHENIX ZDC on-line and off-line calibrations, spectator clasterization, PISA integration, HBT and spectrum analysis. First, individual PHENIX participant from Hungary. A PHENIX-Hungary PC cluster: fundraising, installation, software (PhD). Sziklai János: A PHENIX PC cluster hardver maintanence and software upgrades with help from M. Purschke, BNL. Fundraising for the development of cluster (project coordinator). Zimányi József + : OTKA fund raising - first successfull attempt. Self- similar hydro picture and quark coalescence picture (theory). + R. Vértesi: now finishing his PhD at KFKI RMKI.

T. ECFA Debrecen, 2006/10/06 13 Member of Good Standing (MGS) qualifications annually Note: we require one year 50 % time devotion, before MGS status. we leave out people who do not contribute, after ~1 year : A. Ster: individual participant :Debrecen University, ELTE and KFKI RMKI are institutional members of the PHENIX Collaboration (IB approval) Participation: Debrecen mainly in PHENIX foton physics working group ELTE and KFKI: PHENIX hadrons physics work group Cumulative PHENIX papers, and citations 69 SLAC SPIRES papers, 3782 citations (MGS run1-run5) T. Cs’s PHENIX papers and citations (typical example): 16 SLAC SPIRES papers, 622 citations (MGS run3-run5) A visible group recognition within PHENIX: PHENIX Collaboration Meeting, Debrecen, Hungary, August 1-3, 2005, cca 100 participants (Co-chairs: P.Raics, D.Gabor, secretary P. Tarján) Hungarians and PHENIX publications

T. ECFA Debrecen, 2006/10/06 14 PHENIX: A collaboration of authorsPHENIX: A collaboration of authors (depending on run) 76 SLAC SPIRES PHENIX papers with Hungarian participation. Our contribution was different for the different papers, the followings give an approximate qualification: Participation in planning, simulations, data taking: 1 publications Participation in data taking only: 11 publications Participation in: data taking, Zero Degree Calorimeter (ZDC) simulation and online monitoring code development, contributions to centrality determination: 55 publications Participation in: data taking, ZDC simulation and online monitoring, and in the formulation of the manuscript: 6 publications Contributions in: data taking, ZDC simulation and online monitoring, data analysis, PHENIX preliminary data, presentation of the preliminary data at conferences, participation in Paper Preparation Group or Internal Review Committees 3 publications Hungarians and PHENIX papers

T. ECFA Debrecen, 2006/10/06 15 Debrecen Group G. David(BNL): Visiting professor, voluntary teacher Addicitive 1-week intensive courses annually at Debrecen, P. Tarján: PHENIX Focus Seminar on EMCal, 2004 (internal training) ELTE Group: M. Csanád: How to measure Hanbury Brown-Twiss ? PHENIX Focus Seminar 2005 KFKI Group: T. Csörgő:voluntary teaching at ELTE „Big Bang in the Laboratory” „Quantum Statistical Correlations in High Energy Physics” „Experimental techniques in High Energy Particle and Heavy Ion Physics” - special courses at the ELTE University aimed at MSc and PhD Students since about 2000, 2-3 courses annually. „The Perfect Fluid at RHIC” - PHENIX Focus Seminar 2006 Organization of the Budapest RHIC Winter School on Heavy Ion Physics T. Csörgő + Students, annually ( ) Invitation: 6th Budapest Winter School, December 4-7, 2006, to be named after Jozsó Zimányi (experiment & theory) PHENIX Hungary and Education

T. ECFA Debrecen, 2006/10/06 16 Top Story: Relativistic Perfect Fluid at RHIC A new family of exact solutions: T. Cs, M. I. Nagy, M. Csanád: nucl-th/ Overcomes two shortcomings of Bjorken’s solution: Finite Rapidity distribution ~ Landau’s solution Includes relativistic acceleration in 1+1 and 1+3 spherically symmetric

T. ECFA Debrecen, 2006/10/06 17 Animation of the new exact solution nucl-th/ dimensionless = d both internal and external looks like A+A

T. ECFA Debrecen, 2006/10/06 18 M. Csanád-> fits to BRAHMS dn/d data dn/d widths yields correction factors of ~ Yields inital energy density of    GeV/fm^3 a correction of  0 /  Bj ~ 2 as compared to PHENIX White Paper! nucl-th/ : advanced estimate of  

T. ECFA Debrecen, 2006/10/06 19 Universal, perfect fluid scaling of v 2 Black line: Theoretically predicted, universal scaling function from analytic works on perfect fluid hydrodynamics: hep-ph/ , nucl-th/

T. ECFA Debrecen, 2006/10/06 20 Searched for QGP, found a fluid of quarks Universal hydro scaling breaks where scaling with number of VALENCE QUARKS sets in, p t ~ 1-2 GeV Fluid of QUARKS!! R. Lacey and M. Oldenburg, proc. QM’05 A. Taranenko, M. Csanád, T. Cs, M. Nagy PHENIX Coll: nucl-ex/

T. ECFA Debrecen, 2006/10/06 21 Understanding the perfect RHIC New exact solutions of 3d nonrelativistic hydrodynamics: Hydro problem equivalent to potential motion (a shot)! Hydro:Shooting of an arrow: Desription of dataHitting the target Initial conditions(IC)Initial position and velocity Equations of stateStrength of the potential Freeze-out (FC)Position of the target Data constrain EOSHitting the target tells about the potential (?) Different IC lead toDifferent archers can exactly the same FChit target simultaneously (!) EoS and IC can co-varyInitial conditions can be co-varied with the potential Universal scaling of v 2 In a perfect shot, the shape of trajectory (parabola) Viscosity effectsDrag force of air

T. ECFA Debrecen, 2006/10/06 22 Prize of Hungarian Academy of Sciences - Cs. T., 2006 Physics prize of the Section on Physics, Hung. Acad. Sci. - Cs. T., 2000 US-Hungarian Fulbright Foundation for Educational Exchange Student Fellowship - R. Vértesi, Debrecen/KFKI RMKI, 2006 Student Fellowship - M. Csanád, ELTE, 2005 Alumni Initiatives Award - Cs. T., KFKI RMKI, 2001 World Federation of Scientists, E. Majorana Center for Scientific Culture, Erice, Italy (G. ‘t Hooft and A. Zichichi) P.A.M. Dirac Diploma - M. Csanád, 2006 V.N. Gribov Diploma - M. Csanád, st prize in Hungarian Ortvay competition of physics students: - M. Nagy (2004) ELTE University: Best Physics Scientific student study (TDK 1st prize) - M. Nagy (2005) „„There is a long tradition of outstanding science by Hungarian physicists, and there should be no surprise that this has also been true in the rapidly developing and very exciting field of relativistic heavy ion physics. ” W. A. Zajc, PHENIX Spokesperson, August 2005 (QM’05, MTA News & Views) „„The addition of all the Hungarian institutions to PHENIX has been very stimulating, and it is gratifying to know that the future will continue this trend.” W. A. Zajc, PHENIX Spokesperson, July 7, 2006 Honors to Hungarian PHENIX participants

T. ECFA Debrecen, 2006/10/06 23 The KFKI & ELTE PHENIX group: Zero Degree Calorimeter as detector responsibility active both in p+p and in A+A physics at RHIC T. Csörgő: Secretary of the Board of Elders International Symposium of Multiparticle Dynamics (ISMD) traditional topics: diffraction, soft physics, cosmic rays, correlations and fluctuations etc Interest in TOTEM/LHC physics: diffractive Higgs production new domain of QCD- color glass condensate? quantum optical models, Glauber/Gribov total cross sections TOTEM is the smallest approved LHC experiment it covers the broadest rapidity range when combined with CMS no Hungarian team yet in TOTEM big discovery potential based on known cosmic ray observations (JACEE, CENTAURO) Collaboration is on a human scale (~ 60 people on the TOTEM TDR) Connection to soft physics (attractive for our group) Investment to FUTURE: Hungary and TOTEM

T. ECFA Debrecen, 2006/10/06 24 Totem-Hungary connections established Expression of Interest submitted by T. Cs, approved by TOTEM Spokesperson K. Eggert and Totem Collaboration board spring 2006 Strong negotiations concerning the price of the project were successfull Grant proposals in place (2006 spring, fall) Current activity: Visit of TOTEM Spokesperson to Hungary (November 2006) New possibility of Hungarian participation in LHC physics window still open on contributing to TOTEM DAQ uniquely forward detector: big discovery potential based on the observed unusual cosmic ray events a new possibility for Hungarian students of physics, relatively modest cost Matches well our forward physics activity and participation in p+p physics studies at RHIC Might provide unique, new opportunity for Hungarian engineers and industry to deliver new products to a new CERN LHC experiment TOTEM project- time lines

T. ECFA Debrecen, 2006/10/06 25 T1:  3.1 <  < 4.7 T2: 5.3 <  < 6.5 T1 T2 CASTOR (CMS) RP1 (147 m) RP2 (180 m) RP3 (220 m) TOTEM Experimental apparatus

T. ECFA Debrecen, 2006/10/06 26 Current models predict for 14 TeV: 90 – 130 mb Aim of TOTEM: ~ 1% accuracy Luminosity independent method: Total p-p Cross-Section COMPETE Collaboration : Optical Theorem COMPETE Collaboration fits all available hadronic data and predicts at LHC: [PRL (2002)]

T. ECFA Debrecen, 2006/10/06 27 TOTEM+CMS Physics: Diffractive Events X X Double Pomeron Exchange -Triggered by leading proton and seen in CMS -Central production of states X: X =  c,  b, Higgs, dijets, SUSY particles,... Measure > 90% of leading protons with RPs and diffractive system ‘X’ with T1, T2 and CMS.

T. ECFA Debrecen, 2006/10/06 28 TOTEM Processes, 28 units of rapidity w. CMS P p1p1 p2p2 p2’p2’ X d  /d  proton:p 2 ’ diffractive system X rapidity gap  = – ln   min 0 ln(2p L /p T )  max Measure leading proton ( x) and rapidity gap ( test gap survival). Single Diffraction:  2 =– ln    1 =– ln   p1p1 p2p2 p2’p2’ p1’p1’ P M X 2 =     s P X diffractive system X proton:p 2 ’ proton:p 1 ’ rapidity gap  min  max Double Pomeron Exchange: Measure leading protons ( x 1, x 2 ) and compare with M X, Dh 1, Dh 2 M X 2 =   s

T. ECFA Debrecen, 2006/10/06 29 The KFKI & ELTE TOTEM team: T. Csörgő, M. Csanád, A. Ster, J. Sziklai + students Hardware responsibility: TOTEM DAQ (Sziklai + Ster +...) theoretical collaboration agreement with J. Nyiri + V.V. Anisovich, L. Frankfurt, V.A. Khoze, E. Levin, M. Ryskin and M. Strikman, - Joint interest (PHENIX + TOTEM): impact parameter dependence of p+p collisions at RHIC and at LHC e.g. testing the existence and values of elliptic flow in p+p collisions - measuring Total cross section, beam luminosity, elastic cross section and diffractive dissociation - comparative study of black disc limit of QCD and color glass condensate formation in p+p collisions at BNL RHIC and at CERN LHC Other interesting TOTEM/LHC physics topics: - participation in DCC search (T. Cs.), - correlations at forward rapidities, using TOTEM (T. Cs, T.Novák), - search in TOTEM for partial coherence using correlation techniques (T. Cs., M. Csanád), a search for QCD Fullerenes in double pomeron exchange at TOTEM/CMS (T.Cs, M. Csanád+students). - large rapidity gap events (S. Hegyi+ T. Cs.) Theoretical connection: prediction of diffractive production of Higgs (Bialas) double diffractive production of QCD Fullerenes: T. Cs, M. Gyulassy, D. Kharzeev, T. Cs, M. Gyulassy, D. Kharzeev, J.Phys.G30:L17-L25,2004 Hungary and TOTEM - physics plan

T. ECFA Debrecen, 2006/10/06 30 Proposed/Existing Resources Outstanding PhD students - attracted by outstanding physics topics currently students in the group Need funding on a modest level. Funded till 1st half of New postdoc, TOTEM: T. Novák (from L3) Running cost of PHENIX: 0 for Hungary Construction cost of PHENIX: 0 for Hungary Entry cost in TOTEM: very good offer received 2007:50 kCHF 2008:50 kCHF 2009:20 kCHF Possibility of higher level participation in TOTEM - outsourcing DAQ additional cost: travel to data taking + collab. meetings both at CERN and at BNL + theory

T. ECFA Debrecen, 2006/10/06 31 GOLDEN OPPORTUNITIES for Hungarian Heavy Ion and Particle Physicists in particular for OUTSTANDING PhD students Hungarian participation in PHENIX at RHIC: a success story extended by PHENIX/BNL management till 2011 Hungarian contributions to evidence for a perfect fluid in Au+Au at RHIC new: degrees of freedom FLUID OF QUARKS seen but a PLASMA OF QUARKS and GLUONS New project for TOTEM at LHC: Connection established, Letter of Intents at place, Fundraising started, the most forward physics at LHC matches well forward (ZDC) physics at RHIC cosmic ray connection- a new domain of QCD.

T. ECFA Debrecen, 2006/10/06 32 Backup slides from now on

T. ECFA Debrecen, 2006/10/06 33 TOTEM Running Scenarios 1.15 x ( ) x x x N of part. per bunch ~ hard diffractio n (under study) 2.4 x diffraction 3.6 x x Peak luminosity [cm -2 s -1 ] RMS beam diverg. [  rad] RMS beam size at IP [  m ] Transv. norm. emitt. [  m rad ] 1600 Half crossing angle [  rad] N of bunches  * [m] 2 large |t| elastic 1 low |t| elastic,  tot, min. bias, soft diffraction Scenario Physics: