Plant Structures and Functions Ms. Russell

Basic parts of flowering plants are stems, leaves, flowers and roots 2 Vegetative Reproductive

Leaves and their Functions Photosynthesis – Light is intercepted and plant sugars are manufactured – Large flattened surface for maximum absorption of light energy

4 Vein Midrib Petiole Stem Stipule provide support for the leaf and transport both water and minerals (via xylem) and food energy (via phloem) through the leaf and on to the rest of the plant. the central rib of a leaf - it is usually continuous with the petiole. a leaf stalk; it attaches the leaf to the plant. (also called the axis) the main support of the plant. the small, paired appendages (sometimes leaf-life) that are found at the base of the petiole of leaves of many flowering plants.

5 parallel pinnate palmate Leaves have unique structures, called veins, that transports liquids and nutrients to leaf cells. The veins run the same way, like cane plants Veins diverge together like fingers on a hand going to the palm There is a main nerve (the midrib) from where all the other nerves derive, like a plume.

Has undivided blades

Has fragmented blades with divisions reaching the midrib

9 opposite alternate whorled Two per node, facing opposite sides of them. Springing one leaf per node at different levels of the node Several leaves at the same level

10 linear lanceolate ovate Spear shaped. Egg shaped Cordate-heart shaped Obovate

11 entire crenate dentate sinuate serrate lobed

12 Functions Support leaves and buds, branches and reproductive structures Conduits for transporting water, minerals and manufactured food Some are modified for storage

Monocot vs. Dicot Monocots - flower parts in multiples of 3 Dicots - flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5

16 Two cotyledons (seed leaves)

17 One cotyledon (seed leaf)

18 node internode

19 Stolon Horizontal stem growing on soil surface (strawberry plant)

20 Tuber Enlarged portion of underground stem (potato plant)

21 Functions Anchors plant Nutrient and water absorption Food storage Two basic root systems: 1. fibrous root 2. tap root fibrous root tap root

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23 Functions Reproduction Attract pollinators

Reproductive Structures Stamen – Anther - produces the pollen – Filament - stalk which supports the anther

Reproductive Structures cont… Pistil – Stigma - has sticky surface to capture pollen – Style - tube-like; connects stigma with the ovary – Ovary - contains the ovules

Groups of flowers – Complete flower - has all four major parts (sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils). – Incomplete flower - lack one or more of the major parts – Perfect flower – contains both stamens and pistils

Groups of flowers – Complete flower - has all four major parts (sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils). – Incomplete flower - lack one or more of the major parts – Perfect flower – contains both stamens and pistils

Pollination and Fertilization Pollination - when a pollinator transfers pollen grains from anther to stigma Fertilization - when pollen fuses with the egg cell VIDEO: – Keyword: Pollen Trip; Title: The Pollen Trip

Influence on Flower Formation Photoperiodism - growth response of a plant to the length of day Vernalization - process by which floral induction in some plants is promoted by exposing the plants to cool temperatures for a certain length of time

Phytochrome - pigment in cytoplasm of green plants; associated with the absorption of light that affects growth, development, and differentiation including flowering of a plant, independent of photosynthesis Anthesis - release of pollen from the anther

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34 solitary raceme spike umbel corymb head

35 Mature ovary Mature ovary Seeds are ovules Seeds are ovules Ovary wall may be fleshy Ovary wall may be fleshy Example fruit types Example fruit types pomepome podpod

36 Matured ovule Parts seed coat – protective coating embryo – miniature plant endosperm – food storage organ embryo area endosperm seed coat

1.What is the difference between a dicot and monocot? 2.What is photosynthesis? 3.There are 3 types of leaf venation what is one and what does it mean? 4.What are 2 female parts and 2 male parts? 5.What is the difference between a complete flower and incomplete flower?