Plant Notes- Kingdom Plantae

Characteristics of Plants Multicellular ( many-celled) Autotrophic ( make their own food) Primary producers in most ecosystems and provide the nutritional basis in terrestrial ecosystems Release oxygen to atmosphere Do you remember the equation for Photosynthesis? Write it below. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O  C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Cell walls are composed of cellulose Cannot move from place to place

4 Basic Kinds of Plants: 1. Nonvascular Plants-Usually small and lack tissue to transport water and nutrients. They lack roots stems and leaves. Example: mosses.

2. Seedless Vascular Plants-Have roots stems and leaves; reproduce with spores instead of seeds. Examples: Ferns

3. Nonflowering Seed Plants (Gymnosperms)-vascular plants that reproduce using seeds but do not produce flowers-they produce seeds in a CONE. Example: Pines and Spruces.

Usually have needle like leaves and live in cold dry (arid) environments. Leaves falling to the ground make the soil very acidic and many plants cannot survive so there is not a lot of diversity. What does acidic mean? What does diversity mean?

4. Flowering Seed Plants (Angiosperms)- Plants that produce flowers. Seeds are produced in a fruit. Examples: roses, grasses and oaks.

2 groups of Angiosperms: Monocots- one cotyledons(seed leaf) flower parts in 3’s leaves with parallel veins vascular tissue is scattered fibrous root systems. Examples: Grains (such as wheat, corn, rice and grasses)

2. Dicots two cotyledons(seed leaf) flower parts in 2’s,4’s or 5’s leaves with branching veins vascular tissue is in circular bunches tap root Examples: Daisies, roses, apples, peaches, potatoes, tomatoes

A Flower contains the reproductive organs of the plant.

Parts of a Flower and Their Functions Sterile parts: (not used in reproduction) Petals-usually colorful to attract pollinators Sepals- often green and cover the bud of a flower and protects it as it develops.

Female parts: Pistil- includes all female parts; located at the center of the flower Stigma- sticky part on which pollen lands Style-connects the stigma to the ovary Ovary-contains ovules & develops into a fruit Ovule- structure in which an egg develops and eventually become seeds

Male parts: Stamen-includes all male parts Anther- produces pollen Filaments-supports the anther

Major Parts of A Plant ROOTS, STEMS AND LEAVES. Major Structures of VASCULAR PLANTS include: ROOTS, STEMS AND LEAVES.

Roots Take in nutrients from the ground Anchor plants into the ground Tap root- one central root with tiny roots branching off Fibrous roots-highly branched made up of many roots that are the same size Fibrous root Tap Root

Stems Made up of several types of tissue Supports the leaves and houses vascular tissue Phloem-tissue that transports nutrients Xylem- tissue that transports water

Leaves Site of food production –photosynthesis Parts of leaf: Cuticle- waxy covering on the leaf that prevents water loss Stomata- pores on the leaf that prevent water loss (p503, 561) Guard cells- border each stoma. Stomata open and close as the guard cells change shape.

Guard cells Stomata Stomata Opened Stomata Closed

Epidermis-outer layer of tissue Mesophyll- packed with chloroplasts; where photosynthesis occurs 2 Layers of mesophyll: 1.Palisade layer-columnar cells that are right below the upper epidermis 2. Spongy layer-loosely packed spherical cells between palisade and lower epidermis

Upper epidermis Palisade Vascular tissue Spongy mesophyll Lower epidermis Guard cells Stomata

Transpiration- loss of water from a plant (THROUGH THE STOMATA)

cotyledon 3’s Scattered vascular tissue parallel Fibrous roots Vascular tissue in bundles 4’s or 5’s netlike Tap root cotyledon