Chapter 22: Plant Diversity CHAPTERS 22, 23, and 24 PLANTS Chapter 22: Plant Diversity

Question of the Day APR 28 EOC REVIEW The first plants evolved from A. Red algae B. Green algae C. Brown algae D. Golden algae

AGENDA APR 28 1. EOC REVIEW 2. Chapter 21 FUNGI Homework Check Objectives: Describe what plants need to survive. Explain the life cycle of a bryophyte. 1. EOC REVIEW 2. Chapter 21 FUNGI Homework Check 3. Chapter 22 Plant Diversity 4. Review and Homework

22-1 Intro to Plants Plants are multicellular eukaryotes. Cells walls made of cellulose. Multicellular embryos. Photosynthesis Chlorophyll a and b

Life Cycle and Survival Sporophyte – diploid phase (2N) Spore producing plant Gametophyte – haploid phase (N) produces gametes Basic Needs Sunlight, Water, Minerals, Gas Exchange Movement of Water and Nutrients

EOC REVIEW DO NOW Apr 29 What is the Cell Cycle? What are the two main stages of the Cell Cycle? What events occur during each stage?

AGENDA APR 29 1. EOC REVIEW 2. Chapter 22 Plant Diversity Continued Objectives: Compare the characteristics of different types of plant life. 1. EOC REVIEW 2. Chapter 22 Plant Diversity Continued 3. Plants Question Packet 4. Review and Homework Packet DUE THURSDAY May 1

Overview of Plants First plants evolved from multicellular green algae Four GROUPS  1. Mosses 2. Ferns 3 Features 3. Conifers 4. Flowering Water-conducting tissues Seeds Flowers

22-2 Bryophytes Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts Require water for reproduction No vascular tissues Water taken in by osmosis Very low to ground Rhizoids – root like structures Long thin cells draw up water and minerals Gemmae – small, multicellular reproductive structures

22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Specialized to conduct water and nutrients through plant XYLEM – specialized tissue to transport water up the plant made of tracheids. PHLOEM – tissue that transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates. Both can move materials against the force of gravity. LIGNIN – makes cell walls rigid Plants grow upright

Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetail Roots – absorb water and minerals Leaves – photosynthetic organs Stems – support structures carry water and nutrients Club Mosses Horsetails Ferns

22-4: Seed Plants GYMNOSPERMS – Bear seeds on cones ANGIOSPERMS – flowering plants bear seeds within tissue. DO NOT REQUIRE WATER for fertilization Flowers or cones Transfer of sperm by pollination Protection of embryos in seeds

Question of the Day APR 30 EOC REVIEW In fruit flies, red eyes are dominant to white eyes and long wings are dominant to short wings. Cross a fly with white eyes that is heterozygous for long wings with a fly that is heterozygous for both traits. Construct a Punnett Square to determine all of the possible genotypes, phenotypes, and their genotypic and phenotypic ratios. Be organized and neat.

AGENDA APR 30 1. EOC REVIEW 2. Chapter 22 Plant Diversity Continued Objectives: Compare the characteristics of different types of plant life. 1. EOC REVIEW 2. Chapter 22 Plant Diversity Continued 3. Plants Question Packet 4. Review and Homework Packet DUE THURSDAY May 1

Mystery of Loch Ness Monster Solved?!? Why is it very unlikely that the Loch Ness monster is/was a plesiosaur? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OUizJkymQYc

Reproductive Parts Cones and flowers – seed-bearing sporophyte structures Gametophytes live inside Pollination – transfer of pollen by wind, insects, animals. Seeds contain embryos Protection and food supply

22-5: Angiosperms Flowers are reproductive organs. Contain ovaries – surround and protect seeds Seeds produced within ovaries Ovaries mature into fruits Fruits aid in the dispersion of seeds

CHAPTER 23 ROOTS, STEMS, and LEAVES

23-1: Specialized Tissues in Plants Three Principal Organs of Seed Plants 1. ROOTS – absorbs water and dissolved nutrients 2. STEMS – support system for the plant body 3. LEAVES – main photosynthetic systems

Plant Tissue Systems Dermal tissue – single layer of epidermal “skin” cells Thick waxy cuticle protects against water loss and injury Vascular tissue – transports water and nutrients Xylem Phloem Ground tissue – cells between dermal and vascular Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

Growth and Meristematic Tissue Most plants produce new cells for as long as they live Indeterminate growth at tips of roots and stems Meristems responsible for growth New cells produced in meristematic tissue are not specialized. What is differentiation?

Apical Meristems

23-2 ROOTS Taproot – long thick primary root Small secondary roots Fibrous root – large cluster of roots all of the same size. Mature roots have an epidermis layer (skin), ground tissue, and central vascular tissue.

Question of the DAY May 2 Tracheids and vessel elements make up A. Phloem B. Meristem C. Xylem D. Trichocysts

AGENDA MAY 2 1. EOC REVIEW 2. Chapter 23: More PLANTS! Objectives: Compare the characteristics of different types of plant life. 1. EOC REVIEW 2. Chapter 23: More PLANTS! 3. Plants Question Packet 4. Review and Homework CHAPTER 23 Packet DUE MONDAY STUDY YOUR NOTES  PLANTS TEST NEXT WEEK WEDNESDAY

Root Functions 1. Anchor plants to the ground 2. Absorb nutrients and water Active transport required to take in minerals from soil Root pressure required to move or push water up through the xylem to other parts of the plant.

22-3 STEMS Three major functions 1. Produce leaves, branches, and flowers. 2. hold leaves up to sunlight 3. transport substances between roots and leaves Primary Growth – Increase in stem length Occurs in apical meristem Secondary Growth – Increase in stem width Lateral meristem Occurs in vascular cambium and cork cambium

DO NOW Monocots and Dicots https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zHp_voyo7MY Monocot Stem Dicot Stem Vascular bundles scattered Arranged in Throughout stem organized, ringlike patterns

23-4: Leaves Absorbing light and carrying out photosynthesis Blades – thin flattened sections collect sunlight Petioles – attach leaves to the stem Cuticle and epidermal cells Protection and prevents evaporation of water

Leaf Functions Photosynthesis occurs in mesophyll - specialized ground tissue. Stomata – pore-like openings that allow CO2 and O2 into/out of cell. Guard cells control opening and closing of stomata Operate in pairs Located in epidermis Respond to changes in H2O pressure

Guard Cells and Stomata Stomata open during daytime Closed at night. Transpiration – water loss through a plant’s leaves

23-5: Transport in Plants Water transport requires enough force to move water through xylem Root pressure Capillary action Transpiration Adhesion – the attraction of water molecules with unlike molecules H2O forms hydrogen bonds Capillary action is the attraction of water to the walls of a tube – water climbs higher in thinner tubes

Plant Nutrition and Transport https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsY8j8f54I0

AGENDA MAY 5 Objectives: Investigate the forces that allow plants to move water and nutrients. Describe the basic structure of a flower. 1. Continue notes on Plants 2. All Notes and Study Guides posted on my webpage 3. CHAPTER TEST on WEDNESDAY MAY 7 Chapters 22, 23, and 24 STUDY!!!

Transpirational Pull http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=capillary+action+in+plants&FORM=HDRSC3#view=detail&mid=77E77D50E65926CABBBE77E77D50E65926CABBBE Water is high = Open Stomata Excess water lost through transpiration Water is low = H2O pressure drop Guard cells close stomata

Pressure-Flow Hypothesis Nutrients pumped into or removed from PHLOEM Change in concentration of fluid also occurs Same direction Nutrients move from a high concentration SOURCE  low concentration SINK ROOT  LEAF OR LEAF  ROOT

Reproduction of Seed Plants CHAPTER 24 Reproduction of Seed Plants

24-1 Reproduction with cones and flowers Alternation of Generations Sporophyte (2N) alternates with Gametophyte (N) Gametophytes produce egg and sperm Form a diploid zygote Zygote begins a Sporophyte generation IN SEED PLANTS Gametophytes hidden within tissues of sporophytes

24-1 Structure of Flowers Four specialized kinds of leaves Sepals – enclose bud and protect flower Petals – attract pollinators Stamens Pistils or Carpels Stamen – anther and filament Anther – place where meiosis occurs  male gametophytes Pistil or Carpel – produces female gametophytes Ovaries contain ovules Stigma is a sticky part where pollen lands

Parts of a Flower PAGE 612

Parts of a Flower https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zHp_voyo7MY 10:50

24-1 Life Cycles Gymnosperms Angiosperms Reproduction takes place in cones Produced by mature sporophytes Pollen cones are male and Seed cones are female Angiosperms Reproduction takes place in the flower Double fertilization 1. sperm and egg produce zygote  new plant (2N) 2. sperm and two polar nuclei form endosperm (3N) Food source for seedling as it begins to grow

24-2 Seed and Fruit Development Following fertilization… Embryo grows within seed As seeds mature, ovary walls thicken to form fruit Fruits are ant seeds that are enclosed within embryo walls. Applies to fruits and vegetables Evolutionary change that enables seeds to be consumed