Chapter 14 Values and Beliefs Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1
Lesson 14.1 Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2
Objectives Discuss the impact of personal values and beliefs on everyday life. Identify values and beliefs commonly found in today’s older adult population. Discuss how beliefs and values affect the health practices of older adults. Explain the relationship of values and beliefs to health practices. Compare the spiritual practices of major religions as they relate to death. Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3
Values and Beliefs Values and beliefs have their origins in the individual’s religion, philosophy, family, culture, and society Affect all aspects of our lives and play an important role in promoting health and coping with illness Many experts believe that most of our values are well-established by the time we reach 10 years of age Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4
Values and Beliefs (cont.) People see the world through their own value and belief structure and use this structure as a filter by which they judge other people and events Misunderstanding and conflict often occur when people with two different or contradictory sets of values interact Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5
Common Values and Beliefs of Older Adults Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6
Economic Values Many of today’s older adults were strongly affected by the Depression of the 1930s They were taught the value of a dollar and to “waste not, want not” May experience intense feelings of shame if forced to accept charity Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7
Economic Values (cont.) May save or hoard items, even items that present health hazards, because they value saving rather than wasting May store an excessive number of personal belongings and clutter up their homes until these belongings become a safety hazard May refuse to see a doctor or wait until they are seriously ill because they are concerned about the cost Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8
Audience Response System Question 1 Older adults grew up in a more affluent world and are more likely to value material possession and spend rather than save. A.True B.False Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 9
Intrapersonal Values Many older adults were raised valuing respect and obedience to elders They often cannot understand why their families do not automatically accept what they say and follow their directions The more divergent the values of the various family members, the more likely there are to be misunderstandings and conflict Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10
Cultural Values Shared cultural values define an authority structure, establish norms for language and communication, and establish a basis for decision making and lifestyle choices A heterogeneity of cultures creates a vibrant and dynamic society, but also creates many opportunities for prejudice and misunderstanding Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11
Cultural Values (cont.) Many older adults have lived in this country for years but still identify more with their ethnic group or country of origin than with the dominant society Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12
Spiritual or Religious Values Spirituality is based on a recognition that there is a relationship between the person and a transcendent supreme being, life force, ultimate reality, or undefined something that is greater than ourselves These beliefs give meaning to life and to all the positive and negative experiences that occur during a lifetime Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13
Spiritual or Religious Values (cont.) Many of today’s older adults were raised in an organized religion that played an important role in the formulation of their values and beliefs Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14
Residents Attend a Religious Service Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15
Audience Response System Question 2 Sociologists have suggested that because the United States is made up of many different and unique peoples mixed together, it should be called a(n): A.upside down cake. B.fruit salad. C.mincemeat pie. D.melted chocolate bar. Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16
Lesson 14.2 Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 17
Objectives Describe methods of assessing beliefs and values. Identify older adults who are most at risk for experiencing problems related to values and beliefs. Identify selected nursing diagnoses related to values or beliefs. Describe nursing interventions appropriate for older individuals who are experiencing problems related to values or beliefs. Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 18
Nursing Process for Spiritual Distress Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 19
Assessment What is the person’s cultural background? Does the person have any specific cultural or religious beliefs related to health? Is religion or belief in a deity a significant factor in the person’s life? Does the person attend religious services regularly? What is the person’s religious denomination, sect, church, etc.? Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 20
Assessment (cont.) Does the person have a preferred spiritual counselor? Does he or she see this person regularly? Is the person interested in talking to a priest, minister, rabbi, or other spiritual advisor? What religious books or symbols are meaningful to the person? Has aging or illness had an impact on the person’s beliefs, values, or spiritual practices? Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 21
Nursing Diagnosis Spiritual distress Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 22
Nursing Goals/Outcomes Identify and verbalize sources of value conflicts Specify the spiritual assistance desired Discuss values and beliefs regarding spiritual practices Express feelings of spiritual comfort Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 23
Nursing Interventions Determine whether there are special spiritual practices and/or restrictions Identify significant persons who provide spiritual support Determine whether there is any way that nurses can aid older adults in meeting their spiritual needs Provide opportunities for the person to express spiritual needs and concerns Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 24
Nursing Interventions (cont.) Determine spiritual objects that have meaning to the person; obtain these objects, if possible Provide opportunities for spiritual guidance with due respect for privacy Encourage contact with a spiritual counselor in times of crisis Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 25
A Mosque Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 26
Audience Response System Question 3 Severe grief can result in questioning of: A.spiritual values. B.family relationships. C.health needs. D.cultural beliefs. Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 27