MICROQUASARS: DISK-JET COUPLING Felix Mirabel European Southern Observatory. Chile

MULTI-l APPROACH TO HIGH ENERGY SOURCES IN THE GALACTIC CENTRE REGION Wang et al. ApJ 2002 Mirabel, Rodriguez, et al, 1992 Chandra Belanger, Goldwurm, Goldoni, ApJ 2003 INTEGRAL Black Hole VLA: l6cm Since 1995 five Microquasar workshops

QUASAR-MICROQUASAR ANALOGY Mirabel & Rodriguez (Nature 1998) QUASAR-MICROQUASAR ANALOGY QUASAR MICROQUASAR The scales of length and time are proportional to MBH Rsh = 2GMBH/c2 ; DT a MBH Unique system of equations: The maximum color temperature of the accretion disk is: Tcol a (M/ 10M)-1/4 (Shakura & Sunyaev, 1976) Waited era of space astronomy For a given accretion rate: LBol a MBH ; ljet a MBH ; j a MBH-1 ; B a MBH-1/2 (Sams, Eckart, Sunyaev, 96; Rees 04) APPARENT SUPERLUMINAL MOTIONS IN mQSOs AS IN QSOs ?

SUPERLUMINAL MOTION IN THE GALAXY Mirabel & Rodriguez, 1994 WITH SAME BULK LORENTZ FACTORS AS IN QSOs -RELATIVISTIC ABERRATION FROM TWIN JETS SEEN TWO-SIDED - mQSO JETS MOVE ON THE SKY ~103 TIMES FASTER THAN QSO JETS - IN AGN AT D<100 Mpc JETS ARE RESOLVED AT ~50 Rsh (e.g. M87,Biretta) PHYSICS: NEED TO STUDY BHs ACROSS ALL MASS SCALES

DARK JETS FROM BLACK HOLES Radio (Dubner et al); X-rays: (Brinkmann et al) SS433/W50 VLA l20cm 1o = 60 pc 1arcsec RADIATIVELY INEFFICIENT JETS  “DARK” RELATIVISTIC HADRONS WITH V = 0.26c MECHANICAL LUMINOSITY > 1039 erg/sec IN mQSOs >50% OF THE ENERGY IS NOT RADIATED X-RAY MOVING JETS IN mQSOs  TeV ELECTRONS

GRS 1915+105: Dhawan, Ribo & Mirabel (2006) COMPACT STEADY JETS GRS 1915+105: Dhawan, Ribo & Mirabel (2006) Mirabel, Dhawan et. al, 1998 2.0 cm 3.6 cm ~100 AU IN LENGTH PRESENT DURING LOW HARD STATE SPEED OF THE FLOW < 0.4c (Dhawan, Ribo & Mirabel 2006) LARGE SCALE JETS CAN BE INTERPRETED AS SHOCKS PROPAGATING AT ~0.98c THROUGH THE COMPACT JETS THE COMPACT JETS REAPPEAR AFTER LARGE FLARES

ACCRETION–JET CONNECTION DT a MBH 1 hr in GRS 1915+105 = 30 yr in SgrA* Mirabel et al. 1998 THE TRIGGERS OF JETS ARE INSTABILITIES IN THE ACCRETION DISK (TRANSITION LOW HARD TO HIGH SOFT). THE X-RAY “SPIKE” MARKS THE ONSET OF A SHOCK THROUGH THE COMPACT, STEADY JET ANALOGOUS ACCRETION-JET CONNECTION IN 3C 120 Marscher (2002)

VHE (>100 GeV) DETECTED FROM MICROQUASARS MICROBLAZARS VHE (>100 GeV) DETECTED FROM MICROQUASARS LS 5039 with HESS & LSI +61 303 with MAGIC (Aharonian & Albert et al. in Science) TWO MODELS: Mirabel (Science, 2006) 1) Microblazars (Mirabel & Rodriguez,1999): IC of e- jets on UV photons (Paredes et al. 2002) or hadrons in the jets (Romero et al. 2005) with matter of the stellar wind. 2) Pulsar wind (Maraschi & Treves, 1981): wind e- on UV as in PSR B1259-63

QSO - mQSO - GRB ANALOGY HAVE THE SAME 3 BASIC INGREEDIENTS (Mirabel & Rodriguez, S&T 2002) no no FOR DISK-JET COUPLING IN ASTROPHYSICAL BLACK HOLES

MOVING X-RAY JETS IN A mQSO mQSOs XTE J1550-564 & H1743-322 Corbel et al. Science 2002, 05 X-rays are produced by synchrotron  electrons accelerated to TeV energies

ANALOGOUS ACCRETION-JET CONNECTION IN 3C 120 ? BUT IN TIME SCALES OF YEARS Marscher, Marti et al. Nature 2002

Associated with SN Ic & super-relativistic jets GAMMA-RAY BURSTS OF LONG DURATION MARK THE BIRTH OF BLACK HOLES BY CORE COLLAPSE OF MASSIVE STARS Associated with SN Ic & super-relativistic jets

VHE (>100 GeV) FROM g-RAY BINARIES LS 5039 with HESS (Aharonian et al. Science 2005) LSI +61 303 with MAGIC (Albert et al. Science 2006) VHE emission is variable lkgjdofikgj Both have compact objects with masses M < 4 M Both are runaway HMXBs formed < 2 x 106 yrs ago

SUMMARY Microquasars have provided insight into: THE PHYSICS OF RELATIVISTIC JETS FROM BH’s THE CONNECTION BETWEEN ACCRETION & EJECTION THE FORMATION OF STELLAR-MASS BLACK HOLES Microquasars could provide insight into: A LARGE FRACTION OF ULXs IN NEARBY GALAXIES GRBs OF LONG DURATION IN DISTANT GALAXIES THE PHYSICS IN THE JETS OF DISTANT BLAZARS BLACK HOLE ASTROPHYSICS IS TODAY IN AN ANALOGOUS SITUATION AS WAS STELLAR ASTRONOMY IN THE FIRST HALF OF LAST CENTURY, WHEN THE HR DIAGRAM WAS CONSTRUCTED FOR FIRST TIME

LARGE-SCALE JETS IN CYGNUS X-1 Gallo, Fender et al. Nature 2005 Ring diameter = 5 pc > 50% OF THE RELEASED ENERGY IS NOT RADIATED LARGE-SCALE JETS IN GRS 1915+105 ? Rodriguez & Mirabel (2006) Hot spots at ~ 50 pc

IF THE EMPIRICAL CORRELATIONS X-ray/radio/mass QPOs/mass Noise-spectrum/mass Gallo et al. 2004 Abramovics, 2005 Uttley et al. 2004 BECOME MORE ROBUST, INDEPENDENTLY OF THE MODELS, THE MASS AND SPIN OF BLACK HOLES WILL BE DETERMINED

THE BLACK HOLE FUNDAMENTAL PLANE Merloni et al. Falke, Koerding et al.

SUPERLUMINAL MOTIONS IN QSOs & AGN OBSERVED IN > 30 QSOs & AGN IN RADIO & OPTICAL WAVES PROPER MOTION SEEN IN YEARS Vapp UP TO 30c in blazars One sided because of Doppler boosting WHAT IS THE NATURE ? “PLASMONS” OR SHOCKS ?

LS 5039 WAS EJECTED FROM THE GALACTIC PLANE A VHE (> 100 GEV) SOURCE Paredes, Ribo et al. 2002 Ribo, Paredes et al. 2002 V = 100-140 km/s; e~0.5; Mj = 2000-5000 Km/s M ; Mejected in SN = 5-15 M

VHE FROM COMPACT BINARIES PULSAR WIND MODEL: Power by rotational energy (Dubus, 2006) PSR B1259-63, LS 5039 & LSI +61 303 have compact objects with M < 4 MSUN Time variability & x-ray spectrum of LSI +61 303 resemble those of young pulsars LSI +61 303 is a Be star like PSR B1259-63 & all known Be/X-ray binary are NSs But does not satisfactorily fit the GeV & radio wavelength fluxes in LSI & LS 5039 Definitive proof: Detection of pulsations in LS 5039 & LSI +61 303 MICROQUASAR JET MODELS: Power by accretion (Bosch-Ramon) Particle energy in QSOs and mQSOs are comparable (blazar-microblazar analogy) The kinetic power in mQSOs is equal or larger than the radiated power Electrons in the jets are accelerated up to TeV energies LS 5039: jets are steady, two-sided, seem to have bulk motions of 0.2-0.3c as compact mQSO jets, and no radio outbursts have been observed (Paredes et al.) Definitive proof: VHE emission from confirmed BHs (e.g Cyg X-1, V 4641,GRS 1915) RADIO IMAGES WITH HIGHER SENSITIVITY AND RESOLUTION