Molecules of Life

Organic Compounds: Molecules containing the element of carbon and at least one hydrogen atom. Chemistry of Carbon Atoms Carbon atoms form chains Carbon chains are backbone for molecules of life Functional Groups: particular atoms or clusters of atoms covalently bonded to carbon.

Organic Molecules Contain Carbon and often hydrogen, oxygen, and other atoms Everything here is organic …..oops except for the bottle

Biologically Important Organic Molecules Hydrocarbons – C, H Carbohydrates – C, H, O Proteins – C, H, O, N, S Lipids – C, H, O Nucleic Acids – C, H, O, N, P

Hydrocarbons contain carbon (C) and hydrogen (H)

H C Hydrogen atom Carbon atom

H H H H C CH 4 Methane = simple hydrocarbon

A simple organic molecule with 1 Carbon and 4 hydrogen atoms Energy released when hydrogen separated from carbon during burning

Ethane Propane Examples of Hydrocarbons (carbon and hydrogen)

Butane Hydrocarbon (carbon and hydrogen)

Gasoline Diesel – long chain hydroc-c-c-c-c-c-c-carbon

Monomers Dimers Polymers

What are monomers? Monomers = small molecules linked together to form chains. What are polymers? Polymers = monomers linked together in chains. Poly = many mer = parts or units Polymer = many parts linked together ?

Like a polymer Like monomers

OH HO O Dehydration (removal of water) synthesis (uniting) Monomer A HOH (Monomer A) (Monomer B) Dimer & Polymer formation (Monomer A) dimer = two monomers

Carbohydrates Contain Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Biologically important organic compounds Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

Monosaccharides = sugar Ex. Glucose, Fructose, Galactose Dissaccharides Ex. Sucrose Polysaccharides Ex. Starch and Glycogen (long chains of glucose molecules) Carbohydrates

CARBOHYDRATES Function: quick energy structural support Characteristics: H – C – OH ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms is 2:1 Monomer is the monosaccharide Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells What do these three carbohydrates have in common? What is different between them?

Starch is a polymer of glucose used for storage. It is found in plants. Cellulose is a polymer of glucose - used for storage. It is found in plants. We cannot digest cellulose! Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells

Glycogen is a polymer of glucose used for storage. It is found in animals. Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells

Contain Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen (Sulfur) Biologically important organic compounds Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids

PROTEINS: Structure and Function of proteins controls structure and function of all life

Amino Acids Dipeptide Polypeptide or Protein Proteins

These 20 different amino acids are analogous to an alphabet with 20 letters Each letter can be put together in any order, for any length to form an infinite number of proteins (words)

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Proteins Functions Structural – bones, muscles, collagen Enzymes – proteins which speed up chemical reactions Transportation – hemoglobin within your red blood cells transports oxygen to all parts of your body Protection – antibodies enable you to fight off infections MORE MORE MORE!

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Proteins Characteristics There are 20 different amino acids based on their R groups The R group establish the distinctive properties of each amino acid

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Proteins Characteristics The monomer form is called an an amino acid. A central or alpha carbon which is connected to the following: amino group carboxylic acid group hydrogen R-group

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Proteins

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Proteins

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Proteins What process do you use to form a peptide bond? NCC – NCC – NCC- NCC - NCC

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Proteins Levels of protein structure Primary - the sequence of amino acids Secondary – the coiling or folding due to hydrogen bonds Tertiary – overall shape of the polypeptide Quaternary – relationship among multiple polypeptides of a protein

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Proteins

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Proteins

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Proteins

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Proteins

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Proteins

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Proteins – example: Hemoglobin

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Proteins

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Proteins Enzymes are often proteins that speed up chemical reactions by providing a surface for molecules to react.

Contain Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Biologically important organic compounds Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids 56

LIPIDS Function: long term energy storage insulation protective cushion forms cell membranes hormones Characteristics: do not dissolve in water no simple monomer structure Types Fats and Oils Phospholipids Steroids Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells

LIPIDS – Fats and Oils What atoms are these molecules made of? Are these molecules hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Triglyceride Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells

LIPIDS – Fats and Oils What atoms are these molecules made of? Are these molecules hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Triglyceride Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells

LIPIDS – Triglycerides Saturated fats – no double bonds exist in the fatty acid tails Unsaturated fats – have at least one carbon – carbon double bond in any of their fatty acid tails What is the difference between oil and butter? Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells

LIPIDS – Triglycerides Saturated fats – no double bonds exist in the fatty acid tails Unsaturated fats – have at least one carbon – carbon double bond in any of their fatty acid tails Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells

LIPIDS – Phosopholipid Is this hydrophobic or hydrophilic? The phosopholipid is a critical member of the cell membrane because it has hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells

LIPIDS – Phosopholipid Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells

LIPIDS – Other Lipids Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Steroids are lipids which possess a “ringed” structure Cholesterol is a major component of the cell’s plasma membrane (structural function), but it is also the precursor for the key hormones testosterone & estrogen

LIPIDS – Other Lipids Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Is cholesterol always bad for you? HDL – High Density Lipoprotein Carries cholesterol away from the cells and transports to liver Sources: Liver and Diet LDL – Low Density Lipoprotein Carries cholesterol to the cells where needed If there is not enough HDL, then cholesterol does not get removed from the cells and excess builds up along the walls of arteries.

LIPIDS – Other Lipids Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Is cholesterol always bad for you? Average American: LDL to HDL ratio is 5:1 If you could lower this ratio to 3.5 to 1 you decrease your chance for heart disease by half!!

Lipids (fats) = polymers made of monomers called fatty acids and glycerol glycerol Fatty acid 58

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fat

Contain Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphate Biologically important organic compounds Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

Function: make up genes which store all of the information about an organism energy currency of the cell Characteristics: monomer is a nucleotide 5- carbon sugar phosphate group 1 of 5 nitrogenous bases (adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine, or uracil) Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells

Nucleic Acids Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells

Nucleic Acids Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells

Nucleic Acids Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells

Nucleic Acids Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells

Nucleic Acids Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells A = T G = C

Nucleic Acids Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells

Nucleic Acids Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Types of nucleic acids DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid Deoxyribose Phosphate group Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine Double-stranded structure (double helix) RNA – ribonucleic acid Ribose Phosphate group Adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine Single-stranded linear structure

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells ATP – adenosine triphosphate Ribose 3 phosphate groups - the terminal or last phosphate is held on by a high energy but weak bond – when this bond is broken energy is released Adenine Nucleic Acids

RECAP

How do monomers become polymers? Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Dehydration synthesis – Removal of a water molecule between two reacting molecules forming a new covalent bond in the process

How do polymers become monomers? Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Hydrolysis – Addition of a water molecule to a polymer to break a bond within a polymer to form the monomers