Agriculture Let it Snow! We’ll learn Agriculture anyway. Debra Troxell, NBCT

1 st Agricultural Revolution The 1 st Ag. Rev. (aka Neolithic Revolution) is when farming began – around 10,000 BC On the following map, look at where the 1 st Ag. Rev. began – What other map have we’ve seen that has a similar spatial distribution?

Agricultural Hearths – 1 st Agricultural Revolution What other map have we’ve seen that has a similar spatial distribution?

1 st Agricultural Revolution The development of agriculture is similar to the development of early civilizations. Same map, different question – Look at what was domesticated in each area. You do NOT have to know every list. But pick a few from each area. At this point stereotyping works well – Where is rice developed, beans, grapes…?

Agricultural Hearths – 1 st Agricultural Revolution Know a few examples from each area – Stereotyping works well (no not all the time, just with this map)

Agricultural Hearths Why does stereotyping work well with this activity? Think geographically. What does the crop grown have to do with the geography? If rice grew well in Asia in 10,000 BC, will rice still grow well now? Why is rice and tea associated with Asian food? Beans and chili peppers with Latin America? Grapes and olives around the Mediterranean?

Types of Planting Seed planting – you plant seeds Vegetative planting – you plant the vegetable – Have you ever forgotten about a bag of potatoes? You find them growing long white things? Well if you plant a potato, it grows long white things which will grow more potatoes. (I don’t really know exactly how it works, but you knew that didn’t you.)

Types of Planting I don’t think you’ll be asked for which types of planting began where. Just know the difference and that vegetative planting was earlier.

How did Agriculture begin? My mom didn’t grocery shop regularly – so one day I’m at home foraging for food. I found a potato. I contemplated the potato with a far away look in my eye. “I shall plant this potato so in 6 weeks I shall have more potatoes” I declared. NO. I cut up, fried and ate my last potato. Did agriculture begin because population pressure threatened the food supply?

Carl Sauer’s beliefs on domestication Domestication probably did not develop in response to hunger –Starving people must spend every waking hour searching for food Started by people who had enough food to remain settled in one place Did not occur in grasslands or river floodplains because of thick sod and periodic flooding Must have started in regions where many different kinds of wild plants grew Started in hilly district areas, where climates change with differing sun exposure and altitude Vegetative Planting 1 st (transplanting part of actual plant) then Seed Planting

Assignment Read the “The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race” article and answer the questions. Guess on the average height of modern people first, then you can google it.

Diffusion along Trade Routes Farming Techniques diffused along trade routes as well as foods

Subsistence Agriculture –Remember subsistence means barely sufficient to survive –Found in LDC’s Commercial Agriculture –Found in MDC’s Distinguishing features Purpose of farming # of farmers in the labor force Use of machinery Farm size Relationship of farming to other businesses Rubenstein p

Distinguishing features Purpose of farming –Subsistence: to feed the family (think the Power of Place Guatemala where the family barely grew enough corn for the family) –Commercial: to sell # of farmers in the labor force –Subsistence: a high percentage of the country is engaged in the primary sector of the economy (remember the maps showing primary sector economy and parts of Africa were 70%+ primary) –Commercial: very few (US has less than 10% farmers) Rubenstein p

Distinguishing features Use of machinery –Subsistence: almost no machinery because the farms are small and the people are poor –Commercial: completely mechanized Farm size –Subsistence: small family farms of 2 – 10 acres –Commercial: large farms of maybe 100 acres Relationship of farming to other businesses –Commercial: part of a large integrated network of businesses Rubenstein p

Arable Land Arable – land that is farm-able Would you expect MDCs to have a lot of arable or not much? Why? LDCs? Why? Do MDCs or LDCs typically have more arable land?

Arable Land by Country

Arable Land It doesn’t really correlate. The US and western Europe do have a lot of arable land but Monaco, Switzerland and Norway do not. Nigeria, China, and Brazil have quite a bit. But look back at the rest of Africa…

Percent of Labor Force engaged in Agriculture Rub. Map 331

Is there a correlation with mechanization (tractors) and the percentage of people engaged in the primary sector of the economy?

Rub. Map 331 The higher % of primary sector labor force, then less mechanization. Because subsistence ag. is characterized by small, poor farms.

World Regions of Primarily Subsistence Agriculture On this map, India and China are not shaded because farmers sell some produce at markets; in equatorial Africa and South America, subsistence farming allows little excess and thus little produce sold at markets.

Assignment Use your textbook – Agriculture chapter, key issue 2 – to complete the Agriculture Regions chart.

LDC: Shifting Cultivation Characterized by –Slash and burn agriculture –Using field for only a few years Cleared land called Swidden or ladang, milpa, chena or kaingin Crops –SE Asia: rice –S America: maize & cassava –Africa: millet & sorghum

Why is Shifting cultivation expected to diminish in the 21 st century? ReasonExplanation Technological Advancements fertilizers hybrid seeds pesticides Leads to increased Yields and food Quality Leads to sedentary farming Expanding / growing populationsLess available land Higher Physiological and Agricultural density Reduced Soil Fertility Development of Commercial Agriculture Profit motive More Efficient Plantation and agribusiness Competing land use activities (login ranching etc. Take away from shifting cultivation Changing Gov. and environmental policies Control deforestation Restrictions on land rights or usage Limiting Carbon emissions

LDC: Pastoral Nomadism A form of subsistence agricultural Located in semiarid lands of: N. Africa, Middle East, Central Asia Only 15 million people are pastoral nomads but use 20% of Earth’s land area Transhumance: herders

LDC: Intensive Subsistence Agriculture w/wet rice Intensive: farmers more work more intensively to subsist Areas of high population density resulting in less land available/farmer Some are wet rice areas Some have double cropping (2 harvests/yr)

LDC: Intensive Subsistence Agriculture wet rice not dominant Areas with low precipitation Crops: wheat, barley, legumes, etc. Crop rotation Common in China

LDC: Plantation Farming A large farm that specializes in one or two crops: cotton, sugarcane, coffee, rubber & tobacco Usually in subtropics Usually in areas of low population density – must import workers

LDC: Plantation Farming Rubber Trees –Area 700 miles on each side of equator –A video about how to get the rubber from the tree mbcI3ohttp:// mbcI3o –Optional: A children’s song about Rubber Trees 8vu6pshttp:// 8vu6ps

Coffee Production & Consumption

Tea

Sugarcane

MDC: Mixed Crop & Livestock Most common form of commercial ag in US Most crops are fed to animals rather than for human consumption – corn or soybeans common Uses crop rotation Rub. Map 343

MDC: Dairy Farming Once only in MDC’s, now more common in S & E Asia – –India is the #1 producer Must be close to market – milkshed –Improved transportation and refrigeration have increased milkshed radius Rub. Map p. 344

Milk Most of the world does not drink cow’s milk. Goat milk is common In the US, dairy farms were very close to every population center. Milk had to be produced close by, daily delivery was necessary because the milk would spoil quickly (before refrigeration) What happened in areas in which milk production was greater than milk consumption?

Hint!!! What happened in areas in which milk production was greater than milk consumption?

MDC: Grain Farming Crops grown primarily for human consumption Grains are: wheat, corn, oats, barley, rice, millet, etc. Stores easily & transported a long distance N. Am prairies – world’s “breadbasket” Rub. Map 346

MDC: Livestock Ranching Commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive (means large) area Range wars caused by enclosures – read some background information – book/grade5/above/lesson23.pdfhttp:// book/grade5/above/lesson23.pdf –It is long – only read the following sections Introduction The Need for Barbed Wire The Homesteads Farmers Fence the Plains Ranchers Object Fence Wars Rub. Map 348

MDC: Livestock Ranching Introduction of new cattle breeds Ranching: USA, Spain, Portugal, Argentina, southern Brazil & Uruguay –Check out this website – Does a field trip sound good? – uthttp:// ut Rub. Map 348

Do you want to build a snowman?

MDC: Mediterranean Ag. S. Europe, N. Africa, w. Asia, California, central Chile, & sw. Australia All of the above borders seas, most on west coast off continents Mostly horticulture: fruits, vegetables, and flowers & commercial tree crops Most of world’s olives & grapes produced in Med. areas

Mediterranean Agriculture

MDC: Commercial Gardening Predominant in SE US A short, slightly offensive video Highly efficient large-scale operations – grows lettuce, cantaloupe, green beans, etc. New England has specialty farming – limited but increased demand among affluent, ex: asparagus, strawberries, etc.

Agricultural Regions By Derwent Whittlesey, main agricultural regions –5 in LDC’s –6 in MDC’s –including 1 where ag is nonexistent

Koppen Climate System

Koppen Classification System of Climates ml ml Climate Types 1. Humid Equatorial Climates (Tropical: Class A) Af – no dry season Am – Short dry season Aw – dry winters (S.W. Florida) 2. Dry Climates (Dry: Class B) Bs – Semiarid Bw – Arid 3. Humid Temperate Climates (Temperate: Class C) Cf – no dry season Cw – dry winter Cs – dry summer 4. Humid Cold Climates (Cold: Class D) Df – no dry season Dw – dry winter 5. Cold Polar (tundra and ice) (Polar: Class E) 6. Highland Climates (Vertical)

1. Humid Equatorial Climates 2. Dry Climates 3. Humid Temperate Climates 4. Humid Cold Climates 5. Cold Polar 6. Highland Climates (Vertical)

A different Agricultural regions map

What does climate have to do with agriculture regions? Wet rice is grown in areas with more rain. Transhumance occurs where growing crops is difficult.

2 nd Agricultural Rev – farming becomes more mechanized –Can farm more land with less people –The “extra” people move to the city (increased urbanization) –before the Industrial Rev. Increased productivity More food with less farmers

2 nd Agricultural Rev. Esther Boserup - agric. output depends on the pop. - Anti- Malthusian –Basic idea: As population increases, we become more creative/productive with farming –5 stages of intensification of farmland 1. forest fallow, 2. bush fallow 3. short fallow 4. annual cropping 5. multicropping (intertillage)

Crop Rotation

Green (3 rd ) Revolution Invention and quick diffusion of agricultural techniques during 1960’s-80’s Main techniques –Genetic Engineering Higher-yield seeds – Norman Borlaug Drought/disease resistance Quicker growing season (double- cropping) –Expanded use of fertilizers Need tractors, irrigation pumps & other machinery to take full advantage Replaced older grains and beans for rice and wheat BUT NOT

Green Revolution Pick One: –straight forward videos green-revolution-definition-benefits-and-issues.htmlhttp://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/what-is-the- green-revolution-definition-benefits-and-issues.html –Short reading –

Mechanization, chemical farming with synthetic fertilizers, and globally widespread food manufacturing The Third Agricultural Revolution: 3 Phases

Less variety, more cash crops What long-term effects will this have?

Mechanization Replacement of human labor with machines Tractors, combines, reapers, pickers, since late 1800’s

Chemical Farming Application of synthetic fertilizers to the soil Also herbicides, fungicides, and pesticides Important environmental impact

Food Manufacturing Adding economic value to agricultural products through a range of treatments Processing, canning, refining, packing, packaging

The Third Agricultural Revolution The Green Revolution Began in the 1960s Scientists created IR36—an “artificial” rice plant By 1992 IR36 was the most widely grown crop on Earth

The Green Revolution New high-yield hybrid varieties of wheat and corn were developed and diffused Disastrous famines of the past have been avoided Asia saw a two-thirds increase in rice production

Acreage and Yield Trends

Negatives of the Green Revolution New hybrids required use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides Can lead to reduction of organic matter in the soil Many small-scale farmers lack resources to acquire these chemicals and the seed

Blue Revolution New technology (motorized boats, processing technology, etc.) affecting fisheries … Aquaculture – the growing of aquatic creatures in ponds on shore or in pens suspended in water

Agribusiness –is when agricultural activities are integrated into the food production industry, so farmers have close ties with other businesses. –They do this through the use of modern communication and information technology. Industrial agriculture –is sometimes called factory farming because it more closely resembles manufacturing than farming. –Crops and livestock are standardized so that growing time is minimized, but yields and therefore profits are maximized. –The standard size allows for mechanization of processing at large scale (mass production) using assembly line concepts (reducing labor as well). – This is particularly true for poultry production which is no longer closely tied to the land.

or Industrial agriculture refers to how the crops and animals are raised (like a factory...therefore they are called factory farms). Agribusiness refers to the structure of the farming industry or sometimes called corporate farming.

Debt – for – Nature Swap The concept of debt-for-nature swaps was first conceived by Thomas Lovejoy of the World Wildlife Fund in 1984 as an opportunity to deal with the problems of developing-nation indebtedness and its consequent deleterious effect on the environmentThomas LovejoyWorld Wildlife Fund