CHAPTER 1: BEGINNINGS TO 1763 EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERA

THE AMERICAS, WEST AFRICA, AND EUROPE – SECTION 1 ► Ancient Cultures arrived about 22,000 years ago via a land bridge ► Earliest settlers were hunters ► Agriculture thrived starting about 5,000 years ago ► Some Natives remained Nomadic ► Maya, Aztec, and Inca societies flourished

Controversial evidence suggests the earliest inhabitants came in crude boats, most came by land. The Ice Age caused sea levels to drop as most of the water was frozen. A land bridge was formed between Siberia and Alaska in the Bering Sea.

followed migratory birds they hunted into N. America. ice melted and the bridge was covered with water People continued to move southward until they hit the tip of S. America. Prominent civilizations The Mayans in Central America Incas in Peru Aztecs in Mexico.

NATIVE AMERICAS IN 1400S ► Native American societies in North America were as varied as the geography ► The Pueblo (SW) and Iroquois (NE) were two famous tribes ► Most of the tribes in America had common religious views, trade patterns & values

Agriculture showed how sophisticated the Native Americans were. Most of the crops were corn B.C. corn became staple crop in Mexico foundation to the Aztec and Incan Empires hunters-gatherers to settled people B.C. - Corn planting reached the present-day American Southwest resulting in a powerful Pueblo culture. irrigation system using the Rio Grande Valley. They lived in multi-storied buildings when the Spanish explorers arrived.

The Iroquois civilization equivalent to the Incas and Aztecs Iroquois were inspired by Hiawatha. political and organizational skill that would establish military alliances with neighbors, even Europeans. They weren’t massive and they were not always organized, most of them scattered about. Authority to female figures

A String of Green Bean History ► The common bean was cultivated in ancient Mesoamerica as early as 8,000 years ago? ► Beans were even found in a “mummy covering” of a woman in a Peruvian cemetery dating back to pre- Inca civilization.

The Three Sisters ► Native Americans figured out that if they planted beans, corn and squash together, the plants did better than growing alone.

► Corn is the oldest sister. She stands tall in the center. ► Squash is the next sister. She grows over the mound. With her leaves, she protects her sisters from weeds and shades the soil from the sun keeping it cool and moist. ► Beans are the third sister. She climbs through squash and then up corn to bind all together as she reaches for the sun.

WEST AFRICAN SOCIETIES OF THE 1400S ► Long established, sophisticated societies existed in Western Africa ► The Kingdom of Songhai controlled trans-Sahara trade ► Kingdom of Benin and Kongo were two famous dynasties ► Village and family bonds formed the basis of life

EUROPEAN SOCIETIES OF THE 1400S ► European villages had a long tradition of social hierarchy – complete with nobles, merchants & peasants ► Christianity played a critical role – religious leaders had power Martin Luther

Christianity Shapes Europe ► Christianity and Islam came into conflict. ► Christian armies tried to push Muslims out of the Holy Land. ► This became known as the Crusades. ► Even after two centuries of fighting the Crusades were not successful.

The Reformation

Two Important Consequences of the Crusades: ► Opened up Asian trade routes... ► Weakened the power of European nobles...

The Reformation ► The Reformation in the early 1500s led to a split in the church ► Those who supported the Reformation were called Protestants.

During the 1400’s four major nations were taking shape in Europe ► Portugal ► Spain ► France ► England

The Renaissance ► A cultural awakening in Europe ► The 14th century revival of classical art, architecture, literature and learning that originated in Italy and spread throughout Europe

The Printing Press helped spread the ideas of the Renaissance

EUROPEAN EXPLORATION ► The countries of Portugal, Spain, France and England explored in the late 1400s for God, Gold, and Glory ► Improved mapmaking, better sailboats, compasses, astrolabes, Prince Henry– all led to better exploration

Not a Space Race?

SPANISH NORTH AMERICA – SECTION 2 ► Columbus crosses the Atlantic in October of 1492 and lands in San Salvador (“Holy Savior”) ► He spent about 3 months exploring Islands in the Bahamas ► Europeans used advanced weapons to force locals into labor: Plantation System ► Disease devastated Native population

IMPACT OF COLUMBUS On Africans- Before slave trade ended in the 1800s, 10 million Africans taken On Europeans- Biggest voluntary migration in world history On Trade- Columbian Exchange meant new goods & products flowed between continents

The Columbian Biological Exchange Old World to New World: New World to Old World: Diseases:Smallpox Measles Chicken Pox Malaria Yellow Fever Influenza The Common Cold Syphilis | This page was last updated on 12/3/98. | Return to History 111 SupplementsReturn to History 111 Supplements

The Columbian Biological Exchange Old World to New World: New World to Old World: Animals:Horses Cattle Pigs Sheep Goats Chickens Turkeys Llamas Alpacas Guinea Pigs

The Columbian Biological Exchange Old World to New World: New World to Old World: Plants:Rice Wheat Barley Oats Coffee Sugarcane Bananas Melons Olives Dandelions Daisies Clover Ragweed Kentucky Bluegrass Corn (Maize) Potatoes (White & Sweet Varieties) Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima Varieties) Tobacco Peanuts Squash Peppers Tomatoes Pumpkins Pineapples Cacao (Source of Chocolate) Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum) Papayas Manioc (Tapioca) Guavas Avocados

SPAIN CLAIMS A NEW EMPIRE ► Spanish explorers (Conquistadors) seized much of the Americas ► Cortes conquered the Aztecs in Mexico ► Pizzaro conquered the Incas in Peru ► Exploitation of local populations was significant – Encomienda System

The encomienda is a labor system that was employed mainly by the Spanish crown during the colonization of the Americas and the Philippines.

In the encomienda, the crown granted a person a specified number of natives for whom they were to take responsibility. The receiver of the grant was to protect the natives from warring tribes and to instruct them in the Spanish language and in the Catholic faith. In return, they could exact tribute from the natives in the form of labor, gold or other products, such as in corn, wheat or chickens.

SPAIN EXPLORES SOUTHWEST AND WESTERN AMERICA ► Mid-1500s, Spain explored much of what is today the SW & West of the USA ► New Mexico settled by Spanish priest who converted Natives (Pueblos) ► Texas area had 30 expeditions in 16 th century ► California was site of numerous missions California Missions

The Spanish missions in California comprise a series of religious and military outposts established by Spanish Catholics of the Franciscan Order between 1769 and 1823 to spread the Christian faith among the local Native Americans.missionsreligiousCatholicsFranciscanspreadChristianfaithNative Americans

The missions represented the first major effort by Europeans to colonize the Pacific Coast region, and gave Spain a valuable toehold in the frontier land. The settlers introduced European livestock, fruits, vegetables, cattle, horses and ranching into the California region; however, the Spanish occupation of California also brought with it serious negative consequences to the Native American populations with whom the missionaries came in contact.Pacific CoastCalifornia

The government of Mexico shut down the missions in the 1830s. In the end, the mission had mixed results in its objective to convert, educate, and "civilize" the indigenous population and transforming the natives into Spanish colonial citizens.colonial citizens

What are the negative outcomes of the mission system? ► Page 20

Why was Pope punished. ► Page 20

Where is Spain’s influence most notable in the U.S. today? ► Page 20

EARLY BRITISH COLONIES – SECTION 3 ► Beginning in the early 1600s, the English established colonies along the eastern coast of North America ► 1607: Jamestown was first to be settled ► John Smith led this group of settlers ► Colony struggled at first, then was saved by Tobacco crop

What is an indentured servant? ► ► refers to the historical practice of contracting to work for a fixed period of time, typically three to seven years, in exchange for transportation, food, clothing, lodging and other necessities during the term of indenture.

First enslaved Africans arrived in Virginia in 1619.

What was the conflict about in Virginia?

Nathaniel Bacon ► Bacon’s Rebellion

PURITANS CREATE A “NEW ENGLAND” ► The 16 th century Reformation caused a split in the Christian Church; Catholics and Protestants ► One extreme group of Protestant reformers – the Puritans sought to cleanse or “purify” their religion of all traces of Catholicism PURITAN, OR “PILGRIM”

What was the goal of the Puritans?

Who was John Winthrop?... A city upon a hill.

Why did the Puritan’s come to this new world? Were they tolerant of other religious beliefs?

What is a dissenter? ► Who was Roger Williams ► Who was Anne Hutchinson

COLONISTS MEET RESISTANCE ► New England Colonists (Puritans) soon conflicted with the Native Americans over land & religion ► King Philip’s War was fought in 1675 between the Natives and Puritans ending a year later with many dead and the Natives retreating

SETTLING THE MIDDLE COLONIES ► Dominated by Dutch and Quaker settlers, the Middle Colonies were founded in the mid-1600s ► William Penn led Quakers as they colonized Pennsylvania and Delaware

ENGLAND’S COLONIES PROSPER ► Throughout the 1600s and 1700s, more British Colonies were established ► By 1752, the English Crown had assumed more & more responsibility for the 13 colonies ► Mercantilism & Navigation Acts were two such ways that the English government controlled the colonies King George III

MERCANTILISM: AN ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN WHICH NATIONS SEEK TO INCREASE THEIR WEALTH BY OBTAINING GOLD & SILVER AND WITH A FAVORABLE BALANCE OF TRADE MERCANTILISM

NAVIGATION ACTS ► England’s Parliament passed a series of laws known as the Navigation Acts ► These laws restricted the colonies shipping & trade ► Ships, destinations, crews, goods: All strictly regulated by the English ► The colonies were developing a spirit of self- determination. Therefore, they were NOT happy with these restrictions

► 1. Only British ships could transport imported and exported goods from the colonies. ► 2. The only people who were allowed to trade with the colonies had to be British citizens. ► 3. Commodities such as sugar, tobacco, and cotton wool which were produced in the colonies could be exported only to British ports

THE COLONIES COME OF AGE – SECTION 4 ► New England, Middle Colonies, and the South – all developed distinct economies and societies ► In the South, rural Plantations with a single cash crop were common ► Small Southern farmers (Germans, Scots, Irish) and African slaves made up the majority of people Southern Plantation

THE MIDDLE PASSAGE ► During the 17 th century, Africans endured a transatlantic crossing from Africa to the North American Colonies ► Cruelty characterized the months long journey – 13% died on route

AFRICANS MAINTAIN PARTS OF THEIR CULTURE ► Despite enslavement, Africans coped with the horrors of slavery via music, dance, and storytelling ► Slaves also resisted their position of subservience by faking illness, breaking tools, or work slowdowns ► Others were more radical and tried escape & revolt

NORTHERN COLONIES COMMERCE THRIVES ► The development of cities, expansion of trade, and diverse economies gradually made the North radically different from the South ► Philly was the 2 nd largest British port ► Farming differed from the South: smaller, more diverse crops in North LIBERTY BELL

THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE GREAT AWAKENING ► 1700s: An intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment began in Europe and a religious movement known as the Great Awakening started in the Colonies ► The Enlightenment emphasized reason, science, and observation and led to the discovery of natural laws ► Copernicus, Galileo, Franklin and Newton were key figures

RELIGIOUS REVIVAL: THE GREAT AWAKENING ► A series of religious revivals aimed at restoring devotion & piety swept through the colonies in the mid-1700s ► Jonathan Edwards was a Puritan priest from New England who was instrumental in the movement ► Fire & Brimstone style of worship; large, emotionally charged crowds ► Like the Enlightenment the movement stressed the importance of the individual

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR ► Competition in North America led to a war ( ) between old rivals France and England ► The French in North America were tradesmen (furs) not long-term inhabitants ► Ohio River valley was the site of the conflict ► The Colonists supported the British while the Natives supported the French FRENCH INDIAN WAR BY NAT YOUNGBLOOD

BRITAIN DEFEATS AN OLD ENEMY ► While the French had early victories, the British led by William Pitt and George Washington eventually defeated the French ► Treaty of Paris ends the war in 1763 ► Brits claim most of North America including Florida (from French ally Spain) & Canada ► Native Americans also realized a French loss was a Native American loss WILLIAM PITT ON A COIN

PROCLAMATION LINE OF 1763 ► To avoid further costly conflicts with Native Americans, the British government prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains ► The Proclamation established a line along the Appalachian that colonists could not cross (They did anyway)