Chapter 9 Financial Statement Analysis

Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to…  Describe basic financial statement analytical methods.  Use financial statement analysis to assess the solvency of a business.  Use financial statement analysis to assess the profitability of a business.  Describe the contents of corporate annual reports.

Learning Objective 1 Describe basic financial statement analytical procedures

Horizontal Analysis The percentage analysis of increases and decreases in related items in comparative financial statements

Vertical Analysis A percentage analysis used to show the relationship of each component to the total within a single statement

Benefits of Analysis Horizontal and vertical analysis are useful in assessing relationships and trends in financial conditions and operations of a business Vertical analysis is useful for comparing one company with another or with industry averages Both are made easier with common-size financial statements

Common-Size Statements

Learning Objective 2 Apply financial statement analysis to assess the solvency of a business

Solvency and Profitability Solvency – the ability to meet debt obligations as they become due Profitability – the ability to earn income Solvency and Profitability are interrelated!

Solvency Analysis Normally assessed by examining balance sheet relationships, using the following major analyses: –Current position analysis –Accounts receivable analysis –Inventory analysis –Ratio of fixed assets to long-term liabilities –Ratio of liabilities to stockholders’ equity –Number of times interest charges are earned

Current Position Analysis Using measures to assess a business’s ability to pay its current liabilities –Working capital – current assets less current liabilities –Current ratio – current assets divided by current liabilities –Quick ratio – total “quick” assets divided by current liabilities

Current Position Analysis – Working Capital and Current Ratio Lincoln Company

Current Position Analysis – Quick Ratio Quick Assets $280,500 $160,000 Quick Ratio = Quick Assets / Current Liabilities Lincoln Quick Ratio = $280,500 / $210,000 = 1.3 Jefferson Quick Ratio = $160,000 / $210,000 =.77

Accounts Receivable Analysis Measures efficiency of collection Reflects liquidity Accounts receivable turnover = Net Sales Avg. A/R Avg. A/R Days’ Sales in Receivables = Avg. A/R Net Sales/365 Net Sales/365

Accounts Receivable Turnover The company increased its accounts receivable turnover by 38% measured in terms of the number of times receivables are collected within the year.

Days’ Sales in Receivables The company improved its collections of accounts receivable by 10.9 days in 2009 measured in days receivables have been outstanding.

Inventory Analysis Measures inventory efficiency –Avoid tying up funds in inventory. –Avoid obsolescence. Reflects liquidity Inventory turnover = COGS Inventory turnover = COGS Avg. Inventory Avg. Inventory Days’ Sales in Inventory = Avg. Inventory Days’ Sales in Inventory = Avg. InventoryCOGS/365

Inventory Turnover The company turned its inventory 1 time more in 2009, measured in terms of the number of times inventory turns over within the year.

Days’ Sales in Inventory The company reduced the time it held inventory by nearly 28% in 2009 measured in days the inventory was held in warehouses.

Ratio of Fixed Assets to Long-Term Liabilities Indicates the margin of safety for note-holders or bondholders Indicates the ability to borrow additional funds on a long-term basis Fixed Assets (net) Long-term Liabilities

Ratio of Fixed Assets to Long-Term Liabilities The company increased its margin of safety in financing fixed assets mainly by lowering long-term debt.

Ratio of Liabilities to Stockholders’ Equity Indicates the margin of safety for creditors. Indicates the ability to withstand adverse business conditions. Total Liabilities Total Liabilities Total Stockholders’ Equity

Ratio of Liabilities to Stockholders’ Equity The ratio shows an increasing margin of safety for creditors.

Number of Times Interest Charges Earned Indicates the general financial strength of the business. Indicates the ability to withstand adverse business conditions. Income before Taxes + Interest Expense Interest Expense

Number of Times Interest Charges Earned The number of times interest charges are earned improved from 12.2 to 28.1, a significant measure of safety for creditors.

Learning Objective 3 Apply financial statement analysis to assess the profitability of a business

Profitability Analysis Normally assessed by examining the income statement and balance sheet resources, using the following major analyses: –Ratio of net sales to assets –Rate earned on total assets –Rate earned on stockholders’ equity –Rate earned on common stockholders’ equity –Earnings per share on common stock –Price-earnings ratio –Dividends per share –Dividend yield

Ratio of Net Sales to Assets Shows how effectively a firm utilizes its assets Net Sales Net Sales Avg. Total Assets (excluding LT Investments)

Rate Earned on Total Assets Interest Expense + Net Income Avg. Total Assets Measures the profitability of total assets without considering how the assets are financed.

Rate Earned on Stockholders’ Equity Net Income Net Income Avg. Stockholders’ Equity Emphasizes the rate of income earned on the amount invested by the stockholders.

Leverage The company’s leverage of 3.1% for 2009 compares favorably with the 2.7% leverage for 2008.

Rate Earned on Common Stockholders’ Equity Net Income – Preferred Dividends Avg. Common Stockholders’ Equity Focuses on the rate of profits earned on the amounts invested by the common stockholders.

Earnings Per Share on Common Stock Net Income – Preferred Dividends Common Shares Outstanding The income earned for each share of common stock.

Price-Earnings Ratio Market Price Per Share of Common Stock Annual Earnings Per Share Indicator of the firm’s future earnings prospects.

Dividends per Share and Earnings per Share Dividends per Share = Common Dividends Common Shares Common Shares

Dividends Per Share and Dividend Yield Dividend Yield = Common Dividend/Share Market Price/Share Market Price/Share Dividend yield shows the rate of return to common stockholders in terms of cash dividends.

Learning Objective 5 Describe the contents of corporate annual reports

Corporate Annual Reports Summarize operating activities for the past year and plans for the future. Many variations in the order and form, but all include: –Financial statements and notes –Management discussion and analysis –Independent auditors’ report

Management Discussion and Analysis (MDA) Provides critical information in interpreting the financial statements and assessing the future of the company. Includes an analysis about past performance and financial condition. Discusses management’s opinion about future performance. Discusses significant risk exposure.

Independent Auditors’ Report Publicly traded companies must get an independent opinion on the fairness of the financial statements. This opinion must be included in the annual report along with an opinion on the accuracy of management’s internal control assertion.

End of Chapter 9