DoD Center for Geosciences/Atmospheric Research at Colorado State University Annual Review April 17-19, Development of Satellite Products for the Battlespace Stan Kidder and Adam Kankiewicz

DoD Center for Geosciences/Atmospheric Research at Colorado State University Annual Review April 17-19, Objective u Develop products based on satellite observations to allow a precise determination of the state of the battlespace

DoD Center for Geosciences/Atmospheric Research at Colorado State University Annual Review April 17-19, Outline u Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) products u GOES Products in support of CLEX-10 u Validation of products using CloudSat and CALIPSO data

DoD Center for Geosciences/Atmospheric Research at Colorado State University Annual Review April 17-19, Meteosat Second Generation Products u Reported in November 2005 on products developed for AFWA and delivered via a Lockheed/Martin contract. u Recently applied (and updated) the algorithms to the Mideast and developed a real-time Web site ( for DoD use and comment. u Gave a VTC seminar on the products on 12 September 2006

DoD Center for Geosciences/Atmospheric Research at Colorado State University Annual Review April 17-19, MSG Channels Band Center (µm) 99% Energy Band (µm) Resolution (km) Band Center (µm) 99% Energy Band (µm) Resolution (km) HRV0.751IR VIS IR VIS WV IR WV – IR IR – IR IR –

DoD Center for Geosciences/Atmospheric Research at Colorado State University Annual Review April 17-19, Products To Be Discussed u MSG Cloud Product u 10.8 µm Brightness Temperature u Dust Product u Precipitating Cores u Skin Temperature u Cloud Mask u Cloud Phase / Icing

DoD Center for Geosciences/Atmospheric Research at Colorado State University Annual Review April 17-19, Daytime MSG Cloud Product u (Red, Green, Blue) = 255*(A 1.6, A 0.8, A 0.6 ) u Liquid water clouds are highly reflective at all three wavelengths and therefore appear white u Ice clouds are highly reflective at 0.8 and 0.6 µm, but poorly reflective at 1.6 µm. They therefore appear cyan in the resulting image. DoD Relevance: A theater-level awareness of the location and phase of clouds is important for DoD operations

DoD Center for Geosciences/Atmospheric Research at Colorado State University Annual Review April 17-19, Nighttime MSG Cloud Product u 3.9 µm albedo u Liquid water clouds are reflective at 3.9 µm and therefore appear white u Thin ice clouds transmit radiation from below and therefore appear to have a negative albedo (and are black in the imagery) u Some soils (northern Sinai) are bright as is thick cirrus Current Example

DoD Center for Geosciences/Atmospheric Research at Colorado State University Annual Review April 17-19, µm Brightness Temperature u A standard product—one of several products that a forecaster might want to look at to interpret the scene u Clouds colder than −20°C are colored in 10 K increments Current Example DoD Relevance: Brightness temperature is a time-tested product to aid EOTDA planning.

DoD Center for Geosciences/Atmospheric Research at Colorado State University Annual Review April 17-19, Dust Product u EUMETSAT Product u R=T 12.0 – T 10.8 G=T 10.8 – T 8.7 B=T 10.8 u Dust is pink and moves u Low clouds, unfortunately, are also pink and they move u Thin cirrus is blue u Thick cirrus is dark red DoD Relevance: Dust storms continue to be a major problem for DoD operations Current Example

DoD Center for Geosciences/Atmospheric Research at Colorado State University Annual Review April 17-19, Precipitating Cores u Identifies deep, cold clouds which are likely to be precipitating. u Water vapor is used to screen out low clouds u Precipitation clouds (green) are those for which T 10.8 – T 6.2 < 11 K (an empirically determined threshold). Current Example DoD Relevance: Heavy rain is a problem for aviation and for MASINT.

DoD Center for Geosciences/Atmospheric Research at Colorado State University Annual Review April 17-19, Skin Temperature u Uses the algorithm of Price (1984), modified for MSG channels u T skin = T (T 10.4 – T 12.0 ) Current Example DoD Relevance: Skin temperature is important for infrared background and personnel health

DoD Center for Geosciences/Atmospheric Research at Colorado State University Annual Review April 17-19, Cloud Mask u Uses 8.7 µm channel u The warmest pixel in the previous 10 days is used as a background u Pixels colder than the background are cloudy  Over land,  T = 8 K  Over water,  T = 4 K u Some clouds are missed Current Example DoD Relevance: A cloud/no cloud map is useful for generating other products.

DoD Center for Geosciences/Atmospheric Research at Colorado State University Annual Review April 17-19, Cloud Phase / Icing u Starts with the 8.7 µm cloud mask u Ice clouds (white) are those for which t T 10.8 < −30°C (day or night) or t Clouds are “cyan” in MSG Cloud Product (day) t Clouds are “black” in MSG Cloud Product (night) DoD Relevance: Icing continues to be a problem for aircraft and UAV operations.

DoD Center for Geosciences/Atmospheric Research at Colorado State University Annual Review April 17-19, Cloud Phase / Icing u All clouds which are not ice clouds are liquid water clouds u Warm liquid water clouds (>0°C, yellow) are safe to fly in u Cold liquid water clouds (≤0°C, red) represent an icing hazard Current Example

DoD Center for Geosciences/Atmospheric Research at Colorado State University Annual Review April 17-19, GOES Products in Support of CLEX-10: A prototype for specialized operations u If one has access to the satellite data, products to support operations can be quickly set up. u

DoD Center for Geosciences/Atmospheric Research at Colorado State University Annual Review April 17-19, Current Work u CloudSat and CALIPSO offer a golden opportunity to verify cloud algorithms.

DoD Center for Geosciences/Atmospheric Research at Colorado State University Annual Review April 17-19, B A Mixed-Phase Clouds Viewed By MODIS/CloudSat/CALIPSO 7/19/06 22:45 UTC MODIS 11 µm Saudi Arabia Iran Iraq Persian Gulf

DoD Center for Geosciences/Atmospheric Research at Colorado State University Annual Review April 17-19, VIIRS Cloud Phase B A Mixed-Phase Clouds Viewed By MODIS/CloudSat/CALIPSO

DoD Center for Geosciences/Atmospheric Research at Colorado State University Annual Review April 17-19, Height (km) CloudSat Radar Reflectivity (dBZ) CloudSat Cloud Mask BA Height (km) Height (km) CALIPSO 532 nm Backscatter

DoD Center for Geosciences/Atmospheric Research at Colorado State University Annual Review April 17-19, Summary & Conclusions u A set of cloud products can be quickly developed to support current contingencies u Examination of the real-time products often reveals deficiencies in the algorithms u CloudSat and CALIPSO data offer a way forward

DoD Center for Geosciences/Atmospheric Research at Colorado State University Annual Review April 17-19, Preliminary CloudSat Data Analysis July 2006 u Cloud — a range bin with Cloud_Mask >= 20 u Cloud Top — a cloudy range bin with a non-cloudy range bin immediately above it u Cloud-Top Temperature — the temperature in the ECMWF analysis at the same height as the cloud top Definitions:

DoD Center for Geosciences/Atmospheric Research at Colorado State University Annual Review April 17-19, Latitudinal Distribution u Mixed-phase defined as cloud tops with temps between 0°C and -45°C from ECMWF fields u Few mixed-phase clouds in tropics and subtropics; many in the mid- and high latitudes

DoD Center for Geosciences/Atmospheric Research at Colorado State University Annual Review April 17-19, Cloud-Top Height Distribution u All latitudes u Fairly uniform distribution in the troposphere

DoD Center for Geosciences/Atmospheric Research at Colorado State University Annual Review April 17-19, Cloud-Top Temperature u Quite a uniform distribution with perhaps a few more at very cold and very warm temperatures

DoD Center for Geosciences/Atmospheric Research at Colorado State University Annual Review April 17-19, Cloud Thickness u Most mixed-phase clouds are thin u The long tail is puzzling, perhaps an artifact of the analysis

DoD Center for Geosciences/Atmospheric Research at Colorado State University Annual Review April 17-19, Day/Night Distribution u Slightly fewer mixed- phase clouds at night (0130 LT) than in the daytime (1330 LT)

DoD Center for Geosciences/Atmospheric Research at Colorado State University Annual Review April 17-19, Contoured Frequency by Altitude Diagram (CFAD) u Cloud = CloudSat Cloud Mask >= 20 u Cloud-Top Temp between -5°C and - 40°C u All latitudes, day and night u Probably shows ice crystal growth below cloud top

DoD Center for Geosciences/Atmospheric Research at Colorado State University Annual Review April 17-19, Conclusions and Future Plans u We should be able to get a near global picture of mid-level, mixed-phase clouds using CloudSat, CALIPSO, and MODIS data u We will be analyzing CALIPSO data soon (They were released on Monday, Dec. 11) u A detailed study of CLEX-10/C3VP cases will take place u We hope to use these data to improve modeling of mid-level, mixed-phase clouds