10/15/2015 CHAPTER 26 ANIMALS

10/15/2015 ANIMALS Adapted to live in all environments Adapted to live in all environments land, oceans, fresh water, cool regions, and deserts land, oceans, fresh water, cool regions, and deserts Some feed on other animals, some are parasites, some feed only on plants Some feed on other animals, some are parasites, some feed only on plants Capable of moving great distances Capable of moving great distances Depend on plants for food, either directly or indirectly Depend on plants for food, either directly or indirectly

10/15/2015 KINGDOM ANIMALIA Characteristics of animals include: Characteristics of animals include: All are multicellular and heterotrophic All are multicellular and heterotrophic Composed of groups of cells organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems. Composed of groups of cells organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems. Cells lack cell walls, have a nucleus and organelles Cells lack cell walls, have a nucleus and organelles Move from place to place Move from place to place Respond to stimuli Respond to stimuli Most reproduce sexually, some can reproduce asexually Most reproduce sexually, some can reproduce asexually

10/15/2015 TEMPERATURE REGULATION Some are poikilothermic – body temperature varies with the environment Some are poikilothermic – body temperature varies with the environment insects, worms, and reptiles insects, worms, and reptiles Also called ectothermic Also called ectothermic Many are homeothermic - maintain constant temperature regardless of their environment Many are homeothermic - maintain constant temperature regardless of their environment birds and mammals birds and mammals Also called endothermic Also called endothermic

10/15/2015 BODY PLANS Types include: Types include: Assymmetry – no regular body form Assymmetry – no regular body form sponges sponges Radial symmetry – any division of the body along the axis results in two equal halves Radial symmetry – any division of the body along the axis results in two equal halves starfish starfish Bilateral symmetry – body can be divided into equal left and right halves from head to tail. Bilateral symmetry – body can be divided into equal left and right halves from head to tail. Mammals, birds, reptiles Mammals, birds, reptiles

10/15/2015 SYMMETRY

SKELETONS Skeletons allow for: Skeletons allow for: Attachment sites for organs and muscles Attachment sites for organs and muscles Movement at joints Movement at joints Terrestrial animals need much stronger skeletons than aquatic ones. Terrestrial animals need much stronger skeletons than aquatic ones. Two types of skeletons: Two types of skeletons: Exoskeletons – located externally (insects, spiders) Exoskeletons – located externally (insects, spiders) Endoskeletons – located internally (fish, mammals) Endoskeletons – located internally (fish, mammals)

10/15/2015 PRIMITIVE MARINE ANIMALS Simplest animals Simplest animals sponges, jellyfish, and corals sponges, jellyfish, and corals Obtain nutrients from the water Obtain nutrients from the water Reproduction in sponges occurs by fragmentation and budding (asexual) or sexually by producing male and female gametes. Reproduction in sponges occurs by fragmentation and budding (asexual) or sexually by producing male and female gametes. Cnidarians (jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones) have both sexual and asexual stages of reproduction (alternation of generations) Cnidarians (jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones) have both sexual and asexual stages of reproduction (alternation of generations) Medusa – reproduces sexually Medusa – reproduces sexually Polyp – reproduces asexually Polyp – reproduces asexually

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LIFE CYCLE OF CNIDARIA

10/15/2015 PARASITES Includes flatworms (flukes and tapeworms) and roundworms Includes flatworms (flukes and tapeworms) and roundworms To be a successful parasite, must: To be a successful parasite, must: find a suitable host find a suitable host be able to resist host defense systems be able to resist host defense systems have an anchoring system have an anchoring system keep its host alive keep its host alive

10/15/2015 ADVANCED BENTHIC MARINE ANIMALS Bottom dwelling animals Bottom dwelling animals Includes male, female, and hermaphroditic (male and female organs) organisms Includes male, female, and hermaphroditic (male and female organs) organisms Include annelids, mollusks, clams, oysters, squids, octopus, and starfish Include annelids, mollusks, clams, oysters, squids, octopus, and starfish Many are filter feeders Many are filter feeders Produce free-swimming larvae Produce free-swimming larvae

10/15/2015 ADVANCED BENTHIC MARINE ANIMALS

10/15/2015 PELAGIC MARINE ANIMALS: FISH

10/15/2015 PELAGIC MARINE ANIMALS: FISH Sharks are predatory – feed primarily on other fish Sharks are predatory – feed primarily on other fish Can travel large distances in search of food Can travel large distances in search of food Rays are mostly bottom dwellers Rays are mostly bottom dwellers Bony fish are the most familiar class of fish Bony fish are the most familiar class of fish Have a swim bladder Have a swim bladder Found in marine and freshwater environments Found in marine and freshwater environments

10/15/2015 TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS Live most of their lives on land Live most of their lives on land Adapted to a wide variety of terrestrial habitats: Adapted to a wide variety of terrestrial habitats: Mollusks – snails and slugs Mollusks – snails and slugs Arthropods – insects and spiders Arthropods – insects and spiders Vertebrates – reptiles, birds, and mammals Vertebrates – reptiles, birds, and mammals

10/15/2015 TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS

10/15/2015 TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS Arthropods can survive in all kinds of habitats Arthropods can survive in all kinds of habitats Millipedes, centipedes, spiders, and scorpions Millipedes, centipedes, spiders, and scorpions Half of all identified life forms are insects Half of all identified life forms are insects Have separate male and female individuals and internal fertilization Have separate male and female individuals and internal fertilization Many are herbivores Many are herbivores Compete with humans for food Compete with humans for food Can destroy plant populations that serve as food for human consumption Can destroy plant populations that serve as food for human consumption

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TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS Amphibians live on land, reproduce in water through external fertilization Amphibians live on land, reproduce in water through external fertilization Includes frogs, toads, and salamanders Includes frogs, toads, and salamanders Fertilized eggs must remain in water or they will dry out Fertilized eggs must remain in water or they will dry out Amphibians exchange air two ways: Amphibians exchange air two ways: Through skin – requires a moist skin Through skin – requires a moist skin Swallowing air into their lungs Swallowing air into their lungs

10/15/2015 TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS Reptiles are completely terrestrial Reptiles are completely terrestrial Includes lizards, snakes, and turtles Includes lizards, snakes, and turtles Have scaly skin that helps resist water loss Have scaly skin that helps resist water loss Eggs have amniotic sacs to protect from injury and dehydration Eggs have amniotic sacs to protect from injury and dehydration Tough, leathery eggs Tough, leathery eggs Some can reproduce asexually Some can reproduce asexually parthenogenesis parthenogenesis

10/15/2015 TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS Most birds: Most birds: Can travel long distances through flight Can travel long distances through flight Build nests to raise young Build nests to raise young Defend and provide food for young Defend and provide food for young Flying enable birds to escape danger Flying enable birds to escape danger Lay eggs with hardened shells – more protected from water loss Lay eggs with hardened shells – more protected from water loss

10/15/2015 BIRDS

MAMMALS Three groups: Three groups: Monotremes – egg-laying mammals Monotremes – egg-laying mammals Duck-billed platypus Duck-billed platypus Marsupials – young born prematurely and must be reared in pouches Marsupials – young born prematurely and must be reared in pouches Kangaroos, opossums, koalas Kangaroos, opossums, koalas Remain in pouch until able to forge for themselves Remain in pouch until able to forge for themselves Placental mammals - stay in the mother’s womb until fully developed Placental mammals - stay in the mother’s womb until fully developed Humans, whales, horses, etc. Humans, whales, horses, etc.

10/15/2015 MARSUPIALS

CHAPTER 26 ANIMALS

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