African Civil Wars in 1990s Sierra Leone as an example

Timeline of key events: Before British colonization 1462-Sierra Leone got its name when a Portuguese explorer sailed down the coast of West Africa Sierra Leone got its name when a Portuguese explorer sailed down the coast of West Africa British abolitionists and philanthropists establish a settlement in Freetown for repatriated and rescued slaves British abolitionists and philanthropists establish a settlement in Freetown for repatriated and rescued slaves Freetown settlement becomes crown colony Freetown settlement becomes crown colony.

Timeline of key events: British Colonization ( ) Britain sets up a protectorate over the Freetown hinterland Britain sets up a protectorate over the Freetown hinterland Hut Tax War Hut Tax War 1951-The first election, SLPP won The first election, SLPP won Sir Milton Margai, leader of the Sierra Leone People's Party, appointed chief minister Sir Milton Margai, leader of the Sierra Leone People's Party, appointed chief minister Sir Milton Margai led the Sierra Leone delegation at the constitutional conferences that were held with British Colonial Secretary Iain Macleod in London Sir Milton Margai led the Sierra Leone delegation at the constitutional conferences that were held with British Colonial Secretary Iain Macleod in London.

Ethnic problems during British colonization Creoles: Free slaves from many places who were educated by British missions Indigenous: 18 ethnic groups, eg. Mendes (South and East) Temnes (North) British Subjects British Protected persons ChristianMuslim Privileged to pariah group Mendes-SLPPTemne-APC

Timeline of key events: Post- Independence ( ) Sierra Leone becomes independent Sierra Leone becomes independent Military coup – Sergeant ’ s revolt-- deposes Premier Siaka Stevens' government Military coup – Sergeant ’ s revolt-- deposes Premier Siaka Stevens' government Siaka Stevens returns to power at the head of a civilian government following another military coup Siaka Stevens returns to power at the head of a civilian government following another military coup Sierra Leone declared a republic, Stevens becomes executive president Sierra Leone declared a republic, Stevens becomes executive president.

Timeline of key events: Post- Independence ( ) New constitution proclaims Sierra Leone a one-party state with the A P C as the sole legal party patron- client politics New constitution proclaims Sierra Leone a one-party state with the A P C as the sole legal party patron- client politics Major-General Joseph Saidu Momoh becomes president following Stevens's retirement Major-General Joseph Saidu Momoh becomes president following Stevens's retirement Momoh declares state of economic emergency Momoh declares state of economic emergency.

Timeline of key events: Coups and Civil War ( ) Start of civil war. Former army corporal Foday Sankoh and his Revolutionary United Front (RUF) begin campaign against President Momoh, capturing towns on border with Liberia Start of civil war. Former army corporal Foday Sankoh and his Revolutionary United Front (RUF) begin campaign against President Momoh, capturing towns on border with Liberia President Joseph Momoh ousted in military coup led by Captain Valentine Strasser. Under international pressure, Strasser announces plans for the first multi- party elections since President Joseph Momoh ousted in military coup led by Captain Valentine Strasser. Under international pressure, Strasser announces plans for the first multi- party elections since 1967.

Timeline of key events: Coups and Civil War ( ) Ahmad Tejan Kabbah elected president in February, signs peace accord with Sankoh's rebels in November Ahmad Tejan Kabbah elected president in February, signs peace accord with Sankoh's rebels in November Peace deal unravels. President Kabbah deposed by army in May. Kabbah flees to Guinea to mobilize international support Peace deal unravels. President Kabbah deposed by army in May. Kabbah flees to Guinea to mobilize international support May - Disarmament of rebels begins, and British-trained Sierra Leone army starts deploying in rebel-held areas May - Disarmament of rebels begins, and British-trained Sierra Leone army starts deploying in rebel-held areas.

International Intervention UN projects UN projects UNOMSIL ( )- monitor the military and security situation in Sierra Leone, as well as the disarmament and demobilization of former combatants. UNOMSIL ( )- monitor the military and security situation in Sierra Leone, as well as the disarmament and demobilization of former combatants. UNHCHR-Humanitarian help UNHCHR-Humanitarian help FAO and UNWFP-Food aid that meet emergency needs and support economic & social development FAO and UNWFP-Food aid that meet emergency needs and support economic & social development ECOMOG & Nigeria ECOMOG & Nigeria Liberia — Charles Taylor Liberia — Charles Taylor Mercenary Mercenary Sandline (UK) — supplies "logistical support", including rifles and intelligence, to Kabbah allies. Sandline (UK) — supplies "logistical support", including rifles and intelligence, to Kabbah allies. Executive Outcomes — (SA) hired by Strasser to repel the RUF and reconquer rutile mines Executive Outcomes — (SA) hired by Strasser to repel the RUF and reconquer rutile mines

References il/Unomsil.htm il/Unomsil.htm il/Unomsil.htm il/Unomsil.htm 嚴震生，「九 ○ 年代獅子山的衝突及內戰：國內因 素及國際介入」，問題與研究（台北），第三十 八卷第十二期（ ），頁 。 嚴震生，「九 ○ 年代獅子山的衝突及內戰：國內因 素及國際介入」，問題與研究（台北），第三十 八卷第十二期（ ），頁 。