The Rise of Nationalism 19 th century

GermanUNIFICATION

A DIVIDED GERMANY A DIVIDED GERMANY  Loose federation of 39 States  Controlled by 2 Powers  Austria – Hapsburgs  Prussia Hohenzollern

 Prussian Junker  1851 – King Frederick William IV appointed him representative to the diet of the German Confederation

 Convinced – Germany too small for Austria & Prussia  1859 –ambassador to Russia  1862 – ambassador to France

Prussia/Austria Rivalry

Zollverein, 1834

 1858 – King Frederick William IV – declared insane  Brother William becomes regent  1861 – Frederick William IV dies  William I takes the throne A NEW PRUSSIAN KING

German Unification Who would lead German Unification? Austria or Prussia? King Wilhelm I appointed Otto Von Bismarck as Chancellor in 1862 Bismarck ruled Prussia and ignored the Reichstag (Parliament) Politics of Reality- “Realpolitik”

Chancellor Otto von Bismarck “Blood & Iron” Realpolitik The “Iron Chancellor”

Otto von Bismarck.... The less people know about how sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night. Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied. The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of —but by blood and iron. A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one. Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.

Prussia and other German states

Wars of Unification War against Denmark Austria and Prussia went to war for the German provinces of Schelswig and Holstein Prussia would administer Schleswig, and Austria, Holstein Bismarck “faked” disagreement over the two duchies to goad the Austrians into

Step #1: The Danish War [1864] Step #1: The Danish War [1864] The Peace of Vienna

The German Confederation

Step #2: Austro-Prussian War [Seven Weeks’ War], 1866 Prussia Austria

Step #3: Creation of the Northern German Confederation, 1867 Shortly following the victory of Prussia, Bismarck eliminated the Austrian led German Confederation. He then established a new North German Confederation which Prussia could control  Peace of Prague

Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]: Catalyst for War 1868 revolt in Spain. Spanish leaders wanted Prince Leopold von Hohenz. [a cousin to the Kaiser & a Catholic], as their new king. France protested & his name was withdrawn. The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold. Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III. Journalists in both countries stirred up nationalist feelings

Franco-Prussian War The French public demanded war The Prussians captured Napoleon with his army on September 2, 1870 The Second Empire fell on September 4, 1870 January, William was proclaimed Kaiser of a new, imperial Germany Peace signed in May required France to cede the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany and to pay a multibillion-franc indemnity

Franco- Prussian War [ ] German soldiers “abusing” the French.

Franco- Prussian War [ ]

Italian Unification

1830  Failed Attempts at Independence  Metternich sent troops to crush Revolutions in 3 Italian States

Count Cavour [The “Head”] Giuseppi Garibaldi [The “Sword”] King Victor Emmanuel II Giuseppi Mazzini [The “Heart”] Italian Nationalist Leaders

Sardinia-Piedmont: The “Magnet” Italian unification: Risorgimento [“Resurgence”]

Revolutions  Guiseppe Mazinni  Risorgimento (Resurgence)  Young Italy  2 lessons from the failures  Need foreign help  Rely on Piedmont for leadership

1849 – 1878 Victor Emanuel Savoy  King of Piedmont  Provided the leadership needed

1852 fCount Cavour in named Prime Minister of Piedmont fEconomic Expansion fBuilt roads, canals, & railroads fExpanded credit fStimulated investment in new Industries

1858 – Agreement with Napoleon III  In Compensation France would get:  Piedmont’s provinces of Nice and Savoy  A Kingdom of Central Italy would be created for Napoleon III’s cousin Prince Napoleon

1859 – The Austrian War  To make it “justifiable” – Piedmont provoked Austria  July II, 1859 – France made Peace w/ Austria  Thought war would be too long and costly  Prussia had mobilized

Pebiscites  Nationalists had taken control in some Northern Italian States  Plebiscites agreed to join Piedmont

Girabaldi  Italian Patriot  Revolt had broken in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies  1,000 Red Shirts landed in Sicily on May 11, 1860  By July 1860 Sicily was under Control

Step #6: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unites with Cavour

Step #5: Austro-Prussian War, 1866 Austria loses control of Venetia. Venetia is annexed to Italy.

1860 – Kingdom of Italy  Garibaldi yielded to Cavour

Austria-Hungary Emperor Francis Joseph, Government abolished most internal customs barriers, freed trade with Germany and sold off most of the state- owned railway system German language was used by the administration City of Vienna underwent extensive rebuilding

Austria-Hungary Reichsrat- a more modern parliament, dominated by liberals Hungarian Magyars demanded home rule and the emperor was forced to accept a “dual monarchy” After 1867, the Hungarians mostly ruled themselves Hungarian demands strengthened those of the other nationalities in the empire for the same privileges

The Russian Colossus Three pillars of Russian Absolutism Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationalism Crimean War Russia loses Reforms of Alexander the II

Russia The Russian economy stagnated in comparison with the west Emancipation of 22 million privately owned serfs and 25 million state-owned peasants a few years later Regional self-governing councils called zemstvos were established in 1864, to promote local government

Russia Mir- communities of former serfs received grants of land and had the power to allocate this land among individuals and to direct economic activity Peasants were forced to redeem the land through long-term loans to the government, which in turn compensated the landowners The landowners received the best land after emancipation

Russia Judicial reform gave all Russians, even former serfs, access to modern civil courts Military reform in 1874 ended the 25 year conscription A six-year term made the army more competitive with western Europe

RUSSIA IN THE MONARCHY The Last of the Romanovs to rule Russia -Determined to keep autocratic government -felt the Alexander II, and his reforms were to blame -- wanted to hold down reforms --keep a hold of monarchy -Romanovs rule for 300 years

1905 REVOLUTION January 1905 striking workers march for better working conditions Right to strike and other moderate demands. -led by Orthodox Priest Gapon -- Marched to Winter Palace singing God Save the Tsar -- After the assembly starts loyal tsarist troops open fire and kill over 1,000 marchers -- Riots and Strikes by workers sweep the city -- peasants roam the countryside looting and burning the homes of nobles

BLOODY SUNDAY 1905