Earth Warm Up Ch Does Mars have an atmosphere? If so…what is it made of? 2. What is a major difference between the Terrestrial planets and the Jovian planets? 3. Which planet has caps of frozen Carbon dioxide? 4. Explain the structure of Jupiter? 5. Name 4 of Jupiter’s moons?

Warm Up Ch What is Pluto and Mercury’s orbit inclination? 2. The force of gravitation between 2 objects depends on what? 3. Why does Mercury have no atmosphere? 4. Why is Venus so hot? 5. Why is it difficult to achieve nuclear fusion except in the center of stars?

The Planets and The Solar System Chapter 27

Overview of the solar system  Solar system includes Sun Sun Nine planets and their satellites Nine planets and their satellites Asteroids Asteroids Comets Comets Meteoroids Meteoroids

The solar system

 A planet's orbit lies in an orbital plane Similar to a flat sheet of paper Similar to a flat sheet of paper The orbital planes of the planets are inclined The orbital planes of the planets are inclined Planes of seven planets lie within 3 degrees of the Sun's equator Planes of seven planets lie within 3 degrees of the Sun's equator Mercury's is inclined 7 degrees Mercury's is inclined 7 degrees Pluto's is inclined 17 degrees Pluto's is inclined 17 degrees

 Two groups of planets occur in the solar system Terrestrial (Earth-like) planets Terrestrial (Earth-like) planets Mercury through Mars Mercury through Mars Small, dense, rocky Small, dense, rocky Low escape velocities Low escape velocities

 Two groups of planets occur in the solar system Jovian (Jupiter-like) planets Jovian (Jupiter-like) planets Jupiter through Neptune Jupiter through Neptune Large, low density, gaseous Large, low density, gaseous Massive Massive Thick atmospheres Thick atmospheres Pluto not included in either group Pluto not included in either group

The planets drawn to scale

Evolution of the planets  Nebular hypothesis Our planets formed about 5 billion years ago Our planets formed about 5 billion years ago Solar system condensed from a gaseous nebula Solar system condensed from a gaseous nebula

Evolution of the planets  Nebular hypothesis Planets formed about 5 billion years ago Planets formed about 5 billion years ago Solar system condensed from a gaseous nebula Solar system condensed from a gaseous nebula  As the planets formed, the materials that compose them separated

 Due to their surface gravities, Venus and Earth retained atmospheric gases  Due to frigid temperatures, the Jovian planets contain a high percentage of ices

END OF LECTURE

 Mercury Closest to the sun which makes its orbit the shortest Closest to the sun which makes its orbit the shortest 1 Mercury year = 88 Earth days 1 Mercury year = 88 Earth days 1 Mercury day = 58 Earth days 1 Mercury day = 58 Earth days Has no atmosphere because it has weak gravity Has no atmosphere because it has weak gravity - Day temps = 400+ degrees C - Night temps = -200 degrees C Its surface has craters and plains (due to previous volcanic flow) Its surface has craters and plains (due to previous volcanic flow)

Photomosaic of Mercury

 Venus Second to the Moon in brilliance Second to the Moon in brilliance Similar to Earth in Similar to Earth in Size, Density, and location Size, Density, and location Shrouded in thick clouds Shrouded in thick clouds Impenetrable by visible light Impenetrable by visible light Atmosphere is 97% carbon dioxide Atmosphere is 97% carbon dioxide Surface atmospheric pressure is 90 times that of Earth's Surface atmospheric pressure is 90 times that of Earth's

Computer generated view of Venus

 Mars Called the "Red Planet" Called the "Red Planet" Atmosphere Atmosphere 1% as dense as Earth's 1% as dense as Earth's Primarily carbon dioxide Primarily carbon dioxide Polar caps of water ice, covered by a thin layer of frozen carbon dioxide Polar caps of water ice, covered by a thin layer of frozen carbon dioxide

A picture of the Martian landscape from the Viking 1 lander

 Mars Surface Surface Numerous large volcanoes – largest is Mons Olympus Numerous large volcanoes – largest is Mons Olympus Less-abundant impact craters Less-abundant impact craters Tectonically dead Tectonically dead Several canyons Several canyons Some larger than Grand Canyon Some larger than Grand Canyon

Mons Olympus, an inactive shield volcano on Mars

The Valles Marineris canyon system on Mars

 Mars Moons Moons Two moons Two moons Phobos Phobos Deimos Deimos Captured asteroids Captured asteroids

c Scale Model -Earth, Venus, Mars, Mercury and [the little gray one] the moon

 Jupiter Largest planet Largest planet 2.5 more massive than combined mass of the planets, satellites, and asteroids 2.5 more massive than combined mass of the planets, satellites, and asteroids If it had been ten times larger, it would have been a small star If it had been ten times larger, it would have been a small star Rapid rotation Rapid rotation Slightly less than 10 hours Slightly less than 10 hours Slightly bulged equatorial region Slightly bulged equatorial region

END OF LECTURE

Artist’s view of Jupiter with the Great Red Spot visible

Infrared image of Jupiter

 Jupiter Banded appearance Banded appearance Multicolored Multicolored Bands are aligned parallel to Jupiter's equator Bands are aligned parallel to Jupiter's equator Generated by wind systems Generated by wind systems Great Red Spot Great Red Spot In planet's southern hemisphere In planet's southern hemisphere Counterclockwise rotating cyclonic storm Counterclockwise rotating cyclonic storm

 Jupiter Structure Structure Surface thought to be a gigantic ocean of liquid hydrogen Surface thought to be a gigantic ocean of liquid hydrogen Halfway into the interior, pressure causes liquid hydrogen to turn into liquid metallic hydrogen Halfway into the interior, pressure causes liquid hydrogen to turn into liquid metallic hydrogen Rocky and metallic material probably exists in a central core Rocky and metallic material probably exists in a central core

 Jupiter Moons Moons At least 67 moons At least 67 moons Four largest moons Four largest moons Discovered by Galileo Discovered by Galileo Called Galilean satellites Called Galilean satellites

Callisto – outermost moon Callisto – outermost moon Europa – smallest moon Europa – smallest moon Ganymede - largest Jovian satellite Ganymede - largest Jovian satellite Io - innermost Galilean moon and is also volcanically active Io - innermost Galilean moon and is also volcanically active

A volcanic eruption on Io

 Saturn Similar to Jupiter in its Similar to Jupiter in its Atmosphere Atmosphere Composition Composition Internal structure Internal structure Rings Rings Most prominent feature Most prominent feature Discovered by Galileo in 1610 Discovered by Galileo in 1610 Complex Complex

 Saturn Rings Rings Composed of small particles (moonlets) that orbit the planet Composed of small particles (moonlets) that orbit the planet Most rings fall into one of two categories based on particle density Most rings fall into one of two categories based on particle density Thought to be debris ejected from moons Thought to be debris ejected from moons Origin is still being debated Origin is still being debated

 Saturn Other features Other features Dynamic atmosphere Dynamic atmosphere Large cyclonic storms similar to Jupiter's Great Red Spot Large cyclonic storms similar to Jupiter's Great Red Spot 67 named moons 67 named moons

Titan – the largest Saturnian moon Titan – the largest Saturnian moon Second largest moon (after Jupiter's Ganymede) in the solar system Second largest moon (after Jupiter's Ganymede) in the solar system Has a substantial atmosphere Has a substantial atmosphere

 Uranus Uranus and Neptune are nearly twins Uranus and Neptune are nearly twins Rotates "on its side" Rotates "on its side" Rings Rings 27 moons discovered so far 27 moons discovered so far Large moons have varied terrains Large moons have varied terrains

 Neptune Dynamic atmosphere Dynamic atmosphere One of the windiest places in the solar system One of the windiest places in the solar system Great Dark Spot Great Dark Spot 13 satellites 13 satellites Triton – largest Neptune moon Triton – largest Neptune moon Orbit is opposite direction Orbit is opposite direction Lowest surface temperature in the solar system (-391ºF) Lowest surface temperature in the solar system (-391ºF)

Scale model --[from left, back row] Jupiter, Saturn,[middle row]:Uranus, Neptune,and then the little ones in front row, from left:Earth, Venus, Mars, Mercury and the moon

 Pluto Not visible with the unaided eye Not visible with the unaided eye Discovered in 1930 Discovered in 1930 Highly elongated orbit causes it to occasionally travel inside the orbit of Neptune, where it resided from 1979 thru February 1999 Highly elongated orbit causes it to occasionally travel inside the orbit of Neptune, where it resided from 1979 thru February 1999 Moon (Charon) discovered in 1978 Moon (Charon) discovered in 1978 Could be a double planet Could be a double planet Average temperature is -210ºC Average temperature is -210ºC

Pluto and its moon Charon as compared to the size of Earth

Minor members of the solar system  Asteroids Most lie between Mars and Jupiter Most lie between Mars and Jupiter Small bodies – largest (Ceres) is about 620 miles in diameter Small bodies – largest (Ceres) is about 620 miles in diameter Some have very eccentric orbits Some have very eccentric orbits Irregular shapes Irregular shapes Origin is uncertain Origin is uncertain

Portf olio #9 DUE TODAY

IS THIS THE INSIDE OF YOUR BRAIN

The orbits of most asteroids lie between Mars and Jupiter

Image of asteroid 951 (Gaspra)

Minor members of the solar system  Comets Composition Composition Frozen gases Frozen gases Rocky and metallic materials Rocky and metallic materials Frozen gases vaporize when near the Sun Frozen gases vaporize when near the Sun Produces a glowing head called the coma Produces a glowing head called the coma Some may develop a tail that points away from Sun due to Some may develop a tail that points away from Sun due to Radiation pressure and the Radiation pressure and the Solar wind Solar wind

Orientation of a comet’s tail as it orbits the Sun

Minor members of the solar system  Comets Origin Origin Not well known Not well known Form at great distance from the Sun Form at great distance from the Sun Most famous short-period comet is Halley's comet Most famous short-period comet is Halley's comet 76 year orbital period 76 year orbital period Potato-shaped nucleus (16 km by 8 km) Potato-shaped nucleus (16 km by 8 km)

Comet Hale-Bopp Comet Hale-Bopp

Minor members of the solar system  Meteoroids Called meteors when they enter Earth's atmosphere Called meteors when they enter Earth's atmosphere A meteor shower occurs when Earth encounters a swarm of meteoroids associated with a comet's path A meteor shower occurs when Earth encounters a swarm of meteoroids associated with a comet's path Meteoroids are referred to as meteorites when they are found on Earth Meteoroids are referred to as meteorites when they are found on Earth

Symphony of Science: Secret of the Sars 3:30 Symphony of Science: Secret of the Sars 3:30

February 27 th Friday Night The moon and Venus are going to be in conjunction (they will be bright and really close)

SOLAR SYSTEM

1. Roll 2. Homework Review 3. DAILY QUIZ List the 8 Planets in order from the sun 4. PORTFOLIO #7 DUE 5. Chapter 26 The Sun Powerpoint Notes 6. Tonight’s Homework Section Review 26.1 page 576 Section Review 26.2 page 580 Chapter26 Review page /4 TODAY… POWERPOINT NOTES CORNELL NOTES TRIPLE WRITE

1. Roll 2. Homework Review 3. DAILY QUIZ List the 8 Planets in order from the sun and describe their appearance 4. Chapter 26 The Sun Powerpoint Notes 6. Tonight’s Homework 3/5 TODAY… POWERPOINT NOTES CORNELL NOTES TRIPLE WRITE

Portf olio #7 TODAY

Monday February 11, 2013 TODAY’S KEY IDEA The genetic make up of cells can be changed by adding or subtracting DNA. IDEAS TO KNOW SPECIFICALLY: You will learn the structure of DNA. You will learn the structure of RNA. You will learn the structure of a protein. GENETICS DNA and RNA

1.Roll Triple Write: List 5 IMPORTANT CONCEPTS about DNA. 3. To the Whiteboards: 4. Daily Quiz 5. Chapter 12.1 DNA Powerpoint Tuesday October 23, 2012 TODAY’S KEY IDEA: The genetic make up of cells can be changed by adding or subtracting DNA. CaStd. 5 Genetics (Biotechnology) TRIPLE WRITE CORNELL NOTES POWERPOINT NOTES

Monday February 11, 2013 TODAY’S KEY IDEA The genetic make up of cells can be changed by adding or subtracting DNA. IDEAS TO KNOW SPECIFICALLY: You will learn the structure of DNA. You will learn the structure of RNA. You will learn the structure of a protein. GENETICS DNA and RNA

1. Roll 2. Return Portfolios 3. Triple Write: What do you know about the Moon? 4. Chapter 25 The Moon Powerpoint Notes 2/13 TODAY… TRIPLE WRITE POWERPOINT NOTES CORNELL NOTES WORKBOOKS TEXTBOOKS SCANTRONS

END OF LECTURE P5