Suffixation Suffixes alter the word-class of the base

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Presentation transcript:

Suffixation Suffixes alter the word-class of the base e.g. kind + -ness = kindness adjective noun NOUN to NOUN suffixes 1 occupational -ster person engaged in an occupation gangster -eer engineer -er (varied meaning) Londoner 2 diminutive or feminine -let small, unimportant booklet -ette small, compact statuette -ess female waitress -y, -ie female auntie

Suffixation 3 Status, domain -hood status brotherhood -ship status, condition dictatorship -dom domain, condition kingdom -ocracy system of government democracy -(e)ry behaviour slavery place of activity refinery 4 Other -ing the substance of which N is composed panelling -ful the amount which N contains handful

Suffixation NOUN/ADJECTIVE to NOUN/ADJECTIVE suffixes -ite member of community Israelite (i)an pertaining to… Indonesian, republican -ese nationality Chinese -ist member of a party, occupation socijalist -ism attitude, political movement idealism VERB to NOUN suffixes -er/-or agentive and instrumental receiver -ant ‘’ inhabitant -ee passive employee -ation state, action exploration institution organization -ment state, action amazement

Suffixation -al action refusal -ing activity driving result of activity building -age activity drainage ADJECTIVE to NOUN suffixes -ness state, quality happiness -ity ‘’ sanity VERB suffixes -ify causative simplify -ize (BrE –ise) ‘’ popularize -en ‘’ deafen become X sadden

Suffixation NOUN to ADJECTIVE suffixes -ful having… useful giving… helpful -less without fearless -ly having the qualities of cowardly -like ‘’ childlike -y like… creamy covered with… hairy -ish belonging to Turkish having the character foolish -ian in the tradition of Darwinian

Suffixation Adjective suffixes common in borrowed and neo-classical words -al criminal (also –ial editorial and –ical musical -ic heroic -ive attractive (also – ative affirmative and -itive sensitive -ous virtuous (also –eous courteous and –ious vivacious

Suffixation !! -ic vs. -ical (difference in meaning) an economic miracle ( in the economy) the car is economical to run ( money-saving) a historic building (with a history) historical research (pertaining to history) Other adjective suffixes: -able/-ible worthy/able to be V-ed readable/edible -ish somewhat youngish -ed having balconied

Suffixation Adverb suffixes -ly in a …. manner happily -ward(s) manner/direction backward(s) -wise in the manner of… crabwise as far as … is concerned weather-wise