Morphology and Lexicon 形态学 词汇学 Chapter 3

Word (p. 74)  Definition  Four characteristics

Word Classes- 按开放性分 (76) Word Open class / lexical or content words Closed class / grammatical or functional words We cannot add new words n., notional v., adj., adv. prep., conj., conj. adverbs, relatives, auxiliary verbs, to be, pronouns, pro-words We can add new words

Word Classes- 按词义分 word Grammatical word 语法词 （ function word 功能词） 定义：表达语法意义， 连接 举例： prep 介词， conj 连词， art 冠词， pronoun 代词 Lexical word 词汇词 （ content word 实义词） 定义：表达实际意义 （物质，动作和性质） 的词 举例： n 名词， v 动词， adj 形容词， adv 副词 Conj., prep., primary verbs, modal v., interj., particle n., pronoun, full v., adj., adv. numeral

Word Classes- 按在句子重要性分 词类 Major part of speech Noun名词Verb动词Adjective形容词adverb副词preposition介词 Minor part of speech Article冠词Conjunction连词Auxiliary助动词

Word Classes—Other Categories Lesser Categories (p. 78) Numerals: one, second Interjections: alas, oh my! Unique function: not, to Variability (p. 80) Variable words: n., v., adj., ad. Invariable words: prep., conj….

Morpheme （语素） 81  Definition: -- The most basic element of meaning in language that carries grammatical and / or semantic meaning ， an element that cannot be further divided into smaller units without altering its meaning.  unacceptable un, accept, able un, accept, able

1. work 2. chairman 3. boys 4. sleeping 5. disappointment chair man (two-morpheme word) boy -s sleep -ing dis- appoint -ment (three-morpheme word) work (one-morpheme word)

Types of Morphemes (p. 83) 1. Free morpheme & bound morpheme 2. Root, affix and stem 3. Inflectional affix & derivational affix

Morpheme语素 Free morpheme 自由语素 定义： constitute words by themselves 举例： girl, book, dog Bound morpheme 粘附语素 定义 : not occur by themselves Derivational morpheme 派生语素 定义： change lexical meaning 举例： Dis-, co-, -ful, -en Inflectional morpheme 屈折语素 定义： change grammatical meaning 举例 : -s, -ed, - ing,,er, est

Free morpheme & Bound morpheme (83) Free morpheme （自由语素）： those that may occur alone, that is, those which may make up words by themselves. e.g. boy, girl, desk, chair Mono-morphemic words ( 单语素词 ) All the mono-morphemic words are free morphemes.

bookmark, bookworm, sunflower, undertake Poly-morphemic words( 多语素词） Compounds ( 复合词 ) Those words consist of free morphemes only.

dislike, friendly, boys, looked Poly-morphemic words( 多语素词） Free + bound morphemes( 粘附词素）

Bound Morpheme: Root & Affix & Stem internationalism nationalism nation unfriendliness friendliness friend Root

Root 词根 (83) The base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without destroying its meaning, that is to say, it is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are moved. All words contain a root morpheme. The root word is the primary lexical unit of a word, and of a word family (root is then called base word), which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents.

Affix词缀 Relationship to root or stem Example Prefix 前缀 Occurs in the front of a root or stem; generally don’t change the grammatical categories Unhappy; disagree Suffix 后缀 Occurs at the end of a root or stem; generally change the grammatical categories Happiness; classify Infix 中缀 Occurs inside of a root or stem teeth; Women; Men

A word rootprefix suffix determine The meaning of a word change The meaning of a word determine The characteristic of a word

Stem 词干 (83) any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. friendsfriend (root) friendshipsfriendship (base)

uninteresting un- (prefix) interesting (stem, base) interest (root) -ing (suffix) interest (root, stem)

individualisticIndividualist (?)Individual (?) Root or base? dividual (?) Divide(?) undesirables Undesirable (?)Desirable(?) Desire(?) base root base root

Types of Bound Morpheme  Inflectional morpheme ( 屈折语 素 )=inflectional affix( 屈折词缀 ) ： change the grammatical meaning (number, aspect, case, tense)  Derivational morpheme （派生语素） =inflectional affix ( 派生词缀） : change the lexical meaning

 girls, father's, talked, higher, happiest, giving, singing, called, likes, speeches,lowest  anti-war, co-exist, entertainment,existence, essayist,irregular,unlucky,unfavorable, disagreement inflectional affixes derivational affixes

Inflectional affixes include: -s/-es noun plural -'s noun possessive -s/-es verb present tense third person singular -ed verb simple past tense -ed verb past perfect participle -ing verb present participle/gerund -er adjective comparative -est adjective superlative suffixes

  derivational affixes include: prefixes & suffixes Ex. exist existence existent child childhood childish distinct distinction distinctive create creativity creation creative

 dis+like+s derivational free inflectional morpheme derivational free inflectional morpheme

 light+en+ed free derivational inflectional morpheme free derivational inflectional morpheme

 Derivational morpheme( 改变词义 ):  改变词义： dis-, un-, multi-, micro-  改变词性： en-, -full, -ment  Inflectional morpheme （改变语法含义） :  改变名称的性，数，格： -ess, -s,  改变动词的时, 态，体 : -ing, -ed,  改变形容词的级： -er, -est

classes classmate learned movement skiing illogical experienced highest depart Jane's careless smaller IA DA IA & DA DA IA DA IA & DA DA