Introduction to Geology Summer HSSP 2007 Einat Lev & Christy Till Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences MIT Einat Lev & Christy Till Dept.

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Presentation transcript:

Introduction to Geology Summer HSSP 2007 Einat Lev & Christy Till Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences MIT Einat Lev & Christy Till Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences MIT

Why study geology?

Curiosity and passion for nature! Iguazu waterfalls, Argentina Torres del Paine, Chile Stromboli, Italy

Dept. of Transportation website IRIS website Geologic Hazards Landslides Volcanoes Earthquakes

Origin of life and the planets

An Intellectual Challenge Understanding nature!!! Mathematics Physics Chemistry Biology Engineering

… and we get to works OUTSIDE! GPS stations Seismometers Gravimeters

What do geologists do for a living?

Teaching Exploration Research labs Government Consulting and planning

HSSP Summer Topics Covered  Intro to Geology & Plate Tectonics  Volcanoes & Geochemistry  Rock types  Earthquakes & Seismology  Earth’s Magnetic Field  Determining the age of rocks  Structural Geology  Planetary Geology

“The ring of fire” = a high concentration of earthquakes and volcanoes around the Pacific ocean. Why are they there? Are there other “rings”? “The ring of fire” = a high concentration of earthquakes and volcanoes around the Pacific ocean. Why are they there? Are there other “rings”? “The Ring of Fire”

Earthquakes and Volcanoes around the world /images/Seismicity-world.gif re/hot/volcanoes/volcanoes_b2.html

Earthquakes of the world

Present day tectonic plates

Present day tectonic plates

1858: Antonio Snider-Pellegrini, French Geographer 1912 Alfred Lothar Wegener 32 year old meteorologist Proposed theory of “continental drift”

How do we know the plates fit together?

Location of the continents since 225 million years ago

Movie Movie – The break-up of Pangea Movie Movie – The break-up of Pangea

Why did Pangea break apart? How do the plates move?

The types of plate boundaries

Divergent boundaries (seafloor spreading) Movie

Divergent boundaries (seafloor spreading) Mid-ocean ridge

Mid-ocean ridges (MORs)

Modern example of a new divergent boundary

How do we study mid-ocean ridges? Black smoker erupting high temperature gases Lavas erupted underwater form pillow shapes

But the surface of the Earth isn’t growing…. How are plates destroyed?

The types of plate boundaries

Convergent boundaries (subduction zones) Movie

Convergent boundaries (subduction zones) ocean-ocean subductionocean-cont. subduction

Convergent boundaries (subduction zones) continent-continent collision ocean-continent subduction

Can we see the subducted plate? YES! Zhao et al, Science, 1997 Seismic tomography Earthquakes location

One other way plates interact

The types of plate boundaries

Transform boundaries (strike-slip faults) San Andreas Fault swers.htm

Movie - Transform plate boundary in Western US

What are the plates moving over?

What causes the plates to move?

What is the tectonic setting of Boston? MIT

Volcanoes!!! Next time –