CHAPTER 28 COLD WAR

OBJECTIVES Describe the actions in stabilizing Germany and Japan after the war Describe the actions in stabilizing Germany and Japan after the war Discuss how the Allied Powers tried war criminals Discuss how the Allied Powers tried war criminals Explain why the United Nations was founded Explain why the United Nations was founded Trace the events that led to the founding of Israel Trace the events that led to the founding of Israel

POTSDAM CONFERENCE Potsdam Conference held in Potsdam, Germany Potsdam Conference held in Potsdam, Germany Allied leaders that participated were: Truman, Churchill, and Stalin Allied leaders that participated were: Truman, Churchill, and Stalin Divided Germany into 2 countries Divided Germany into 2 countries (East Germany and West Germany)

WEST GERMANY Western occupation zone was controlled by GB, France, and US Western occupation zone was controlled by GB, France, and US

EAST GERMANY Eastern occupation zone was controlled by the USSR Eastern occupation zone was controlled by the USSR

OCCUPATION OF JAPAN Emperor Hirohito remained in power after WWII Emperor Hirohito remained in power after WWII US General Douglas MacArthur helped demobilize the Japanese military US General Douglas MacArthur helped demobilize the Japanese military

ENDING OF THE ZAIBATSU Huge corporations run by a single family that had a monopoly ended Huge corporations run by a single family that had a monopoly ended

WAR CRIME TRIALS Nuremberg, Germany Nuremberg, Germany Adolf Eichmann – architect of the extermination program that killed 6 million Jews Adolf Eichmann – architect of the extermination program that killed 6 million Jews

WAR CRIME TRIALS IN TOKYO, JAPAN Hiddeki Tojo – Japan’s Premier was sentenced to death Hiddeki Tojo – Japan’s Premier was sentenced to death

UNITED NATIONS Postwar International Organization Postwar International Organization (promoted world peace) San Francisco was the site the meeting for 50 nations to draw up the charter San Francisco was the site the meeting for 50 nations to draw up the charter Eventually, New York City became the UN Headquarters Eventually, New York City became the UN Headquarters

THE FOUNDING OF ISRAEL (Conflict that the UN faced in 1947) Palestine – area claimed by the Arabs and the Jews Palestine – area claimed by the Arabs and the Jews Jews moved to Palestine after WWII Jews moved to Palestine after WWII Arabs – protested the Jews move to the land that they claimed as their own Arabs – protested the Jews move to the land that they claimed as their own

ZIONISM Refers to Jewish people Refers to Jewish people Plan to set-up a Jewish community (nation) in Palestine. Plan to set-up a Jewish community (nation) in Palestine. Jewish leaders proclaimed the new nation to be called Israel Jewish leaders proclaimed the new nation to be called Israel

SECTION 2 The Cold War Begins

OBJECTIVES Explains the causes of the Cold War Explains the causes of the Cold War Trace how the U.S. tried to control the development of the atomic weapons Trace how the U.S. tried to control the development of the atomic weapons Analyze how the Marshall Plan helped block the spread of communism in Europe Analyze how the Marshall Plan helped block the spread of communism in Europe Describe how the Western Allies responded to Soviet expansion Describe how the Western Allies responded to Soviet expansion

COLD WAR U.S. and the U.S.S.R. competed for international dominance U.S. and the U.S.S.R. competed for international dominance There were economic, political, and philosophical differences There were economic, political, and philosophical differences

SATELLITE NATIONS Soviet controlled nations during the Cold War era mainly in eastern Europe Soviet controlled nations during the Cold War era mainly in eastern Europe

IRON CURTAIN (physical boundary in eastern Europe) Communism spreading across Europe that isolated the east from the west Communism spreading across Europe that isolated the east from the west

POLICY OF CONTAINMENT George Keenan (State Department official) George Keenan (State Department official) Devised a policy to restrict the expansion of Soviet communism Devised a policy to restrict the expansion of Soviet communism (U.S. tough stand against communism) (U.S. tough stand against communism)

DEADLOCK OVER ATOMIC WEAPONS Baruch Plan – U.S. Presidential advisor Baruch Plan – U.S. Presidential advisor Created a special international agency Created a special international agency Had authority to inspect atomic-energy plants Had authority to inspect atomic-energy plants

Bernard Baruch- Presidential Advisor

TESTING OF THE FIRST ATOMIC BOMB Besides the U.S., the Soviet Union tested the atomic bomb in 1949 (US created the bomb in 1942, used it in 1945) Besides the U.S., the Soviet Union tested the atomic bomb in 1949 (US created the bomb in 1942, used it in 1945) Thus the U.S. mistrusted the U.S.S.R Thus the U.S. mistrusted the U.S.S.R

TRUMAN DOCTRINE President Truman’s Cold War policy President Truman’s Cold War policy Expand the strategy of containment by economically and financially supporting all “free people”. Expand the strategy of containment by economically and financially supporting all “free people”. Congress approved $400 million to aid Greece and Turkey Congress approved $400 million to aid Greece and Turkey

MARSHALL PLAN George C. Marshall - Secretary of State George C. Marshall - Secretary of State Provide $13 billion in aid to western Europe for economic recovery after WWII Provide $13 billion in aid to western Europe for economic recovery after WWII Marshall won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953 for his efforts Marshall won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953 for his efforts

BERLIN AIRLIFT June of 1948 – Soviets blocked all roads, canal, and railroads linking Berlin to West Germany June of 1948 – Soviets blocked all roads, canal, and railroads linking Berlin to West Germany Cut off supplies to Berlin Cut off supplies to Berlin U.S. distributes 2 million tons of food and supplies during the next 10 months U.S. distributes 2 million tons of food and supplies during the next 10 months Airlift was a success because Soviets lifted the blockade Airlift was a success because Soviets lifted the blockade

West Berlin and East Berlin during the airlift

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization North Atlantic Treaty Organization Dwight Eisenhower was the Supreme Commander of the NATO forces Dwight Eisenhower was the Supreme Commander of the NATO forces Military security Military security 9 western European nations joined the U.S. in pledge to defend one another in case of an attack 9 western European nations joined the U.S. in pledge to defend one another in case of an attack

WARSAW PACT Warsaw (Poland) Pact Warsaw (Poland) Pact Soviets response to NATO Soviets response to NATO Soviets formed their own military alliance with communist countries in Eastern Europe Soviets formed their own military alliance with communist countries in Eastern Europe

SECTION 3 The Cold War Turns Hot

OBJECTIVES Analyze the factors that led to the escalation of the conflict in Korea Analyze the factors that led to the escalation of the conflict in Korea Describe the domestic and international effects of the Korean War Describe the domestic and international effects of the Korean War Discuss the methods that President Eisenhower used to promote U.S. interests abroad Discuss the methods that President Eisenhower used to promote U.S. interests abroad

KOREAN WAR (never a declared war) Divided into Korea into North Korea and South Korea Divided into Korea into North Korea and South Korea Began in 1950 and ended in 1953 Began in 1950 and ended in 1953

DOUGLAS MACARTHUR U.S. General in charge of American forces in Korea U.S. General in charge of American forces in Korea

CHINA ENTERS THE WAR 300,000 troops from China aided North Korea in November, ,000 troops from China aided North Korea in November, 1950

CONFLICT BETWEEN PRESIDENT TRUMAN AND GENERAL MACARTHUR General MacArthur questioned the leadership of President Truman in the Korean War General MacArthur questioned the leadership of President Truman in the Korean War President Truman removes MacArthur President Truman removes MacArthur America opposes the removal America opposes the removal

1951 KOREAN WAR SETTLED INTO A STALEMATE Stalemate – neither side attempted to make a move offensively Stalemate – neither side attempted to make a move offensively

1952 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION President Harry S. Truman decided not to run President Harry S. Truman decided not to run Republicans: Republicans: Dwight Eisenhower - President Richard Nixon – Vice President Democrat: Democrat: Presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson

WAR ENDS ARMISTICE (peace treaty) SIGNED July 27, 1953 President Eisenhower used military force to get peace negotiations moving President Eisenhower used military force to get peace negotiations moving Stepped up bombing raids on North Korea Stepped up bombing raids on North Korea Threatened to use nuclear weapons Threatened to use nuclear weapons

38 th Parallel Became the defensive line in the Became the defensive line in the Korean War

DEATH COUNT U.S. – 54,000 died and 103,000 wounded U.S. – 54,000 died and 103,000 wounded Korea and China – 1.5 million died Korea and China – 1.5 million died

BRINKMANSHIP Secretary of State John Foster Dulles policy was called brinkmanship Secretary of State John Foster Dulles policy was called brinkmanship maneuver of pushing a situation to the brink succeeds by forcing the opponent to back down and make concessions. maneuver of pushing a situation to the brink succeeds by forcing the opponent to back down and make concessions. Example: massive retaliation including the use of nuclear weapons Example: massive retaliation including the use of nuclear weapons

CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY CIA CIA President Eisenhower recommended the use of the CIA President Eisenhower recommended the use of the CIA To gather strategic information and pursue his Cold War goals To gather strategic information and pursue his Cold War goals

SOVIET LEADER NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV Led the Soviets in an era of reform in the U.S.S.R Led the Soviets in an era of reform in the U.S.S.R Publicly accused his predecessor, Joseph Stalin – of committing ruthless crimes prior to his death in 1953 Publicly accused his predecessor, Joseph Stalin – of committing ruthless crimes prior to his death in 1953

U-2 SPY PLANE American spy plane was shot down over the U.S.S.R in May of 1960 American spy plane was shot down over the U.S.S.R in May of 1960 U.S. and Soviet Union was to meet in a summit prior to the plane being shot down U.S. and Soviet Union was to meet in a summit prior to the plane being shot down U.S.S.R. wanted an apology from U.S. – U.S. refuses! U.S.S.R. wanted an apology from U.S. – U.S. refuses!

SECTION 4 The Cold War at Home

OBJECTIVES Discuss the actions the U.S. took to limit communism at home Discuss the actions the U.S. took to limit communism at home Explain how Senator Joseph McCarthy was able to play upon Americans’ fear of communism Explain how Senator Joseph McCarthy was able to play upon Americans’ fear of communism Describe how the U.S. reacted to the prospect of nuclear war Describe how the U.S. reacted to the prospect of nuclear war

RED SCARE Fear of communism spreading into the U.S. government Fear of communism spreading into the U.S. government

THE SEARCH FOR SPIES Alger Hiss – was a communist spy that worked for the State Department Alger Hiss – was a communist spy that worked for the State Department Given 5 years in prison Given 5 years in prison

THE SEARCH FOR SPIES Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Provided Soviets with atomic-energy secrets during WWII Provided Soviets with atomic-energy secrets during WWII Executed in 1953 Executed in 1953

McCARTHYISM U.S. Senator from Wisconsin – Joseph McCarthy U.S. Senator from Wisconsin – Joseph McCarthy Claimed to have a list of known communists in the State Department Claimed to have a list of known communists in the State Department Never produced the list Never produced the list Several people lost their jobs Several people lost their jobs He never proved any of the accusations He never proved any of the accusations

NUCLEAR ANXIETY U.S. scientists began working on the hydrogen bomb in 1950 U.S. scientists began working on the hydrogen bomb in ,000 times more powerful than the atomic bomb 1,000 times more powerful than the atomic bomb

NUCLEAR ANXIETY Robert Oppenheimer was the creator of the hydrogen bomb Robert Oppenheimer was the creator of the hydrogen bomb U.S. tested the bomb in 1952 on an island in the Pacific U.S. tested the bomb in 1952 on an island in the Pacific 9 months later the Soviets tested the bomb 9 months later the Soviets tested the bomb

RELIGION AND THE NUCLEAR WAR Billy Graham – Evangelist that urged Americans to turn to God because of the fears of nuclear war Billy Graham – Evangelist that urged Americans to turn to God because of the fears of nuclear war Investments in the construction of institutions rose from $76 million in 1946 to $868 million in 1957 Investments in the construction of institutions rose from $76 million in 1946 to $868 million in 1957

RELIGION AND THE NUCLEAR WAR Pledge of Allegiance – Congress added “One Nation Under God” Pledge of Allegiance – Congress added “One Nation Under God” U.S. coins – “In God We Trust” U.S. coins – “In God We Trust”

SPACE PROGRAM Sputnik – Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite in 1957 Sputnik – Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite in 1957 Weighed 200 pounds Weighed 200 pounds U.S. felt that they were left behind in the technological development U.S. felt that they were left behind in the technological development

SPACE PROGRAM U.S. launched Explorer I in 1958 U.S. launched Explorer I in 1958

SPACE PROGRAM NASA ( National Aeronautics and Space Administration) started in 1958 NASA ( National Aeronautics and Space Administration) started in 1958