Food security, sustainability and agriculture KGA171 The Global Geography of Change Presented by Associate Professor Elaine Stratford Semester 1

YouTube Introduction

LOOKING BACK, LOOKING FORWARD Part 1

Revising Lecture What is the ecological footprint? 2.With reference to language explain why declining cultural diversity is an environmental problem. 3.Define sustainability. How does it differ from sustainable development? 4.Why are these terms contested? Is that contestation necessarily negative? 5.What are Jacobs’ four faultlines of contestation over sustainable development and how do they gain expression in conservative and radical forms? 6.How was sustainable development fully defined in Our Common Future by the World Commission on Environment and Development/Brundtland Commission? Why does this definition – more than the popular one – matter? 7.List and briefly explain the six principles of sustainability. 8.What is Agenda 21? A Woman Thinking

Learning Objectives Module 5 Lecture 2 be able to explain the meaning, possible causes and spatial expressions of hunger and over-consumption of food describe and elucidate the main features of the third agricultural revolution comprehend the ways in which food security and modern agricultural practices are key considerations for sustainable development KGA171 demonstrate knowledge of geographical concepts, earth and social systems and spatial patterns of change create and interpret basic maps, graphs and field data identify and analyse different viewpoints to contribute to debates about global development communicate in reflective and academic writing, referencing literature when needed

Textbook Reading Bergman and Renwick (2008) pp Food and Agriculture OrganizationFood and Agriculture Organization (2006)The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2006, FAO, Rome. Food and Agriculture Organization Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Success stories. Critical reading What is the author’s purpose? What key questions or problems does the author raise? What information, data and evidence does the author present? What key concepts does the author use to organize this information, this evidence? What key conclusions is the author coming to? Are those conclusions justified? What are the author’s primary assumptions? What viewpoints is the author writing from? What are the implications of the author’s reasoning? [from Foundation for Critical Thinking]Foundation for Critical Thinking Old Woman Reading a Lectionary, Gerard Dou

FOOD SECURITY: AN IMPERATIVE OF SUSTAINABILITY Part 2

Agenda Combating povertyCombating poverty 4. Changing consumption patternsChanging consumption patterns 14. Promoting sustainable agriculture and rural developmentPromoting sustainable agriculture and rural development 32. Strengthening the role of farmersStrengthening the role of farmers

What’s at issue? Chronic hunger Acute hunger Starvation Obesity Food (in)security Unsustainable development

Geopolitics of deprivation Poverty Environmental degradation Depletion of natural resources Population growth Loss of ownership or access to land Marginal agricultural land Cash cropping Social conflict Corruption Agri-food markets

Hunger is not new

ProgressProgress Toward Millennium Goal 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Bergman and Renwick (2008) p.339. Undernourishment

Agricultural Labour Force Bergman and Renwick (2008, p.494)

Human development

Food crises FAO (2008) The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2008, FAO, Rome, p.18.

FAO (2006) The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2006, FAO, Rome, p.5. Target 420m An unequal world

food prices rising, hunger increasing number of undernourished people in million – up 75 million from 2005 FAO (2008) The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2008, FAO, Rome, p.6.

Geopolitics of excess? Peak water Peak oil Price setting World trade Consumerism Social conflict

Excess is not new

OECD obesity levels

Unprecedented production: grain WorldWatch Institute (2007) Vital Signs : The trends that are shaping our future, WW Norton, New York, p.21.

Unprecedented production: meat

Unprecedented production: fishfish WorldWatch Institute (2007) Vital Signs : The trends that are shaping our future, WW Norton, New York, p.21.

OF REVOLUTIONS AND BUSINESS Part 3

Spatial independence Spatial interdependence The geography of human history: from local to global Hunter-gatherers  Tribes  Chiefdoms  Empires  World-system LocalRegional Global mini-systems world-empires world-system 1 st 10,000-5,000 BP 2 nd rd 1900 to present Three agricultural revolutions

Global spatial integration of agriculture has concentrated control of the world’s food in the core See also Svalbard Seed Bank Svalbard Seed Bank

The Third Agricultural Revolution Robots packing bread onto palettes

The Green Revolution

Bergman and Renwick (2008) p.327. Food in the modern world system: inequality and agriculture

Food supply chain: Five components and mediating forces

At the heart of the matter