Apartheid A Journey of Inequality

The History of Apartheid “I was made by the law, a criminal, not because of what I had done, but because of what I stood for, because of what I thought, because of my conscious. Can it be any wonder to anybody that such conditions make a man an outlaw of society?” Nelson Mandela

Apartheid A system of racial segregation enforced through legislation by the National Party (NP) governments, who were the ruling party from 1948 to 1994, of South Africa, under which the rights of the majority black inhabitants of South Africa were curtailed and white supremacy and Afrikaner minority rule was maintained. Apartheid was developed after World War II by the Afrikaner-dominated National Party and Broederbond organizations and was practiced also in South West Africa, which was administered by South Africa under a League of Nations mandate (revoked in 1966 via United Nations Resolution 2145), until it gained independence as Namibia in A system of racial segregation enforced through legislation by the National Party (NP) governments, who were the ruling party from 1948 to 1994, of South Africa, under which the rights of the majority black inhabitants of South Africa were curtailed and white supremacy and Afrikaner minority rule was maintained. Apartheid was developed after World War II by the Afrikaner-dominated National Party and Broederbond organizations and was practiced also in South West Africa, which was administered by South Africa under a League of Nations mandate (revoked in 1966 via United Nations Resolution 2145), until it gained independence as Namibia in 1990.

Apartheid continued… Racial segregation in South Africa began in colonial times under Dutch and British rule. However, apartheid as an official policy was introduced following the general election of New legislation classified inhabitants into four racial groups ("native", "white", "coloured", and "Asian"), and residential areas were segregated, sometimes by means of forced removals. Non-white political representation was completely abolished in 1970, and starting in that year black people were deprived of their citizenship, legally becoming citizens of one of ten tribally based self-governing homelands called bantustans, four of which became nominally independent states. The government segregated education, medical care, beaches, and other public services, and provided black people with services inferior to those of white people

Apartheid continued… Apartheid sparked significant internal resistance and violence as well as a long arms and trade embargo against South Africa. Since the 1950s, a series of popular uprisings and protests were met with the banning of opposition and imprisoning of anti-apartheid leaders. As unrest spread and became more effective and militarized, state organizations responded with repression and violence. This, along with the sanctions placed on South Africa by the West made it increasingly difficult for the government to maintain the regime.

Apartheid continued… Reforms to apartheid in the 1980s failed to quell the mounting opposition, and in 1990 President Frederik Willem de Klerk began negotiations to end apartheid, culminating in multi-racial democratic elections in 1994, which were won by the African National Congress under Nelson Mandela. The vestiges of apartheid still shape South African politics and society. Although the official abolishment of Apartheid occurred in 1990 with repeal of the last of the remaining Apartheid laws, the end of Apartheid is widely regarded as arising from the 1994 democratic general elections.

A Journey of Inequality 1651: Dutch settlers arrive in South Africa. 1756: Dutch settlers import slaves from West Africa, Malaysia, and India, establishing the dominance of whites over non-whites 1700s: The Dutch farmers, known as Boers, seize land from the natives using shotguns. Natives are forced to work on Boer farms to survive. 1810s: British missionaries arrive and criticize the racist practices of the Boers, urging them to treat the Africans more fairly. The Boers refuse because they believe that they are the more superior race. 1867: Diamond mining begins in South Africa. Africans are the main labor force, are given the most dangerous jobs, and are kept in fenced barracks. DUTCH: NATIVES OR INHABITANTS OF THE NETHERLANDS BOERS: THE DUTCH FARMERS IN SOUTH AFRICA RACE: OFTEN MISUNDERSTOOD AS A GROUP OF PEOPLE WITH DIFFERENT PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS. WE ARE ALL PART OF THE HUMAN RACE : The Boer War is fought between the Boers and the British to see who would rule South Africa. The war was long and bloody. The British were cruel and established 31 concentration camps for Boer women and children and natives. Almost 40,000 people died in these camps. CONCENTRATION CAMPS: A CAMP WHERE CIVILIANS, ENEMY ALIENS, POLITICAL PRISONERS, AND SOMETIMES PRISONERS OF WAR ARE FORCIBLY KEPT UNDER THE HARSHEST CONDITIONS.

Concentration Camps “Every one of these children who died as a result of the halving of their rations, thereby exerting pressure onto their family still on the battlefield, was purposefully murdered. The system of half rations stands exposed and stark unashamefully as a cold-blooded deed of state policy employed with the purpose of ensuring the surrender of people whom we were not able to defeat on the battlefield.” -WT Stead, British Journalist “There were poisonous sulphate of copper, grounded glass, fishhooks, and razor blades in the rations.” –Sara Raal

A Journey of Inequality A constitutional convention is held to establish South African independence from Britain. The all-white government decides that non-whites can vote, but cannot hold office The South Africa Act takes away all political rights of Africans in three of the country’s four states The African National Congress is formed. The political party aims to organize Africans in the struggle for civil rights The Land Act give 7.3% of the country’s land to Africans, who make up 80% of the population. Africans are allowed to be on white land only of they are working for whites 1920s- Blacks are fired from jobs which are given to whites. 1910s-1930s- Africans educated at missionary schools attempt to organize to resist white rule and gain political power. However, few of them are literate, communication is poor, and money is a problem. CIVIL: RELATED TO THE CIVILIANS OF A COUNTRY LITERATE: ABLE TO READ AND WRITE

Early Protests Against Inequality Prominent leaders in South Africa protest the treatment of the blacks. Gandhi is the fourth from the left.

A Journey of Inequality Representation of Voters Act weakened the political rights for Africans and allows them to vote only for white representatives African mine workers are paid twelve times less than their white counterparts. Over 75,000 Africans go on strike in support of higher wages. Over 1000 workers are injured or killed before police violence forces them to end the strike The Afrikaner Nationalist Party gains control of the government and passed the first of 317 Apartheid laws, separating whites from blacks The African National Congress (ANC), a political organization for Africans, encourages peaceful resistance to Apartheid Laws. The government reacts by arresting more people Multiple Apartheid laws are passed restricting the movement and rights of blacks and requiring pass books. From , over ten million Africans were arrested because their passes were not in order APARTHEID: A POLICY OF SEPARATENESS AFRIKAANER: A EUROPEAN DESCENDANT OF THE DUTCH IN SOUTH AFRICA COUNTERPARTS: PEOPLE ON THE SAME LEVEL, DOING THE SAME WORK

Mine Workers in South Africa Working conditions were terrible in the mines, with miners earning only a few dollars a day and being forced to be separate from their families for months or years at a time.

A Journey of Inequality A large group of blacks in the town of Sharpeville refused to carry their passes. 69 people die and 187 are wounded. The African political organizations, the ANC and the Pan-African Congress, are banned The United Nations establishes the Special Committee Against Apartheid to support a political process of peaceful change, based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Nelson Mandela, head of the African National Congress is jailed for the third time. He expected the death penalty and so he gave a four hour long speech, saying what he thought would be his last words to the African community. He was sentenced to life in prison, first on Robben Island, doing intense labor. He then spent 27 years in Pollsmoor Prison, where he was placed in solitary confinement Resistance to Apartheid increases. The all-black South African Students Organization, under the leadership of Stephen Biko, helps unify students through the Black Consciousness movement. THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS: ADOPTED ON DECEMBER 10, 1948 BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE UNITED NATIONS AS GUIDELINES FOR HOW HUMAN BEINGS SHOULD BE TREATED ALL OVER THE WORLD

Robben Island Prison

Nelson Mandela in Prison Nelson Mandela spent 27 years in solitary confinement in this cell.

A Journey of Inequality The United Nations passed a resolution condemning Apartheid People in Soweto riot and demonstrate against discrimination and instruction in Afrikaans. The police react with gunfire, killing 575 and injuring and arresting thousands. Stephen Biko is beaten and left in jail to die from his injuries. 1980s- People and governments around the world launch an international campaign to boycott South Africa. Hundreds of thousands of Africans who are banned from white-controlled areas ignore the laws and pour into forbidden regions in search of work. Civil disobedience and other protests increase. Mid 1980s- The United Democratic Front was formed in South Africa, which was led by Archbishop Desmond Tutu and Reverend Allen Boasek. The organization helped spread the word worldwide about the problem of Apartheid. AFRIKAANS: A LANGUAGE ADAPTED FROM THE 17 TH CENTURY DUTCH SETTLERS OF SOUTH AFRICA BOYCOTT: TO ABSTAIN FROM BUYING OR USING CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE: THE REFUSAL TO OBEY CERTAIN LAWS FOR THE PURPOSE OF INLUENCING GOVERNMENTAL POLICY

United Democratic Front This organization helped get the word out to the world about apartheid.

A Journey of Inequality Late 1980s- International pressure forces South Africa to end Apartheid. As a result, some of the segregationist laws are repealed, such as the ones separating whites and non-whites in public places South African President F.W. de Klerk repeals the rest of the Apartheid laws and calls for a new constitution. A multiracial transitional government is approved. Nelson Mandela is elected president in SEGRAGATIONIST: ONE WHO BELIEVES THAT RACES SHOULD BE KEPT APART REPEALED: TO TAKE BACK OR RECALL

A New Government Nelson Mandela casts the first vote for the new government of South Africa.

1.THE POPULATION REGISTRATION ACT—grouped every South African into a particular “race” (white, Indian, Coloured, and Black). Only whites could vote. Those lower down on the list had fewer rights. 2.THE MIXED MARRIAGES ACT—made it a crime for any marriage to take place between whites and any other “racial” group. Only 75 marriages between blacks and whites had been recorded before Apartheid began. 3.THE IMMORALITY ACT—made it a crime for any sexual act to be committed between a white person and any other “racial” group. Between , 24,000 people were prosecuted for this crime. 4.THE GROUP AREAS ACT—divided South Africa into different areas where the different “race” groups could live. Of the 3.5 million people who had to leave their homes because of this act, only 2% were white. 5.THE PASS LAWS—made it mandatory for blacks to carry pass books at all times, which allowed them to have permission to be in a white area for a limited amount of time. Without their pass, they were arrested. Grand Apartheid Laws

Beach Picture

Segregation Sign

A bench reserved for non-whites

Separate Bathroom Facilities

Typical Homestead

Typical Squatter’s Camp

Sharpeville Uprising

Man with Passbook

Checking Passbook

Soweto Uprising

Funeral and Protest

Boycott Apartheid bus seen in London in 1989

Sun City