Most dramatic change since the Neolithic Revolution

Western Europe’s governments Richest in the world (thank you Latin American gold and silver) - Resulted in more efficient ways to: - Begins in Britain

The right type of natural resources iron coal good soil fast moving rivers natural harbors Products exported back to colonial consumers Belgium, Germany, France had similar conditions and soon followed Britain Geography

Social mobility possible with reality of invention Banks loaned $$ (££)to inventors Economic and Social Mobility

Britain had large number of skilled workers familiar with use of metal tools Contributed to the development of machines Enclosure Movement forced many farm workers to cities to look for work Workforce

ONLY Western Europe had ALL the necessary factors Africa had more natural resources but not stable governments Ming China strong government and economy but not resources India & China tradition of invention but not the incentive Why Britain? Why not … anywhere else?

Machine to mass produce cloth and thread Faster and cheaper cloth production Machines so large they needed special buildings - Waterwheels to provide power Mechanization of Textile Production

Invented in Britain Made waterpower obsolete - The Steam Engine

Technological changes came in rapid succession - The Steam Engine

Coal was initial fuel Later on in the 19 th century petroleum was used more and more - Fossil Fuels

Advancements in production of steel was lighter, stronger and more flexible Steel factories centered around iron and coal mines - Great Britain first; US, Japan, Russia to follow Steel

US quick to follow GB with the invention of the cotton gin - Northeast textile factories; south raw materials production - Industrialization Spreads: United States

Commodore Perry and the forced opening of Japan to world trade Japan responded by embracing societal, political and industrial change Used western technology to specialize in silk textiles Differing from western: Japanese government heavily involved in industry Industrialization Spreads: Japan

Russia’s progress NOT like US and Japan– slow to transform to industrialization Russian gov’t primary focus was to support the elite and the use of serfdom Russia frees serfs and seeks foreign investment in industry Becomes the top producer of steel Regardless, Russian economy still more like 15 th century with most peasants still based in agriculture Industrialization Spread: Russia

European invested in Latin American early industrialization Some railroads were built but LA remained mostly agricultural and serf based Single crop products:..... Industrialization Spreads: Latin America

Rapid changes made in “western” regions affected the economy and everyday life Movement of workers from rural areas to cites in search of work due to Agricultural Revolution (loss of job) or desire of change Rise of wages caused factory work to be “man’s work” When factories became more efficient they required fewer workers (women and children no longer needed) But children still used in agriculture and mining Western Europe and the U.S.

Wages rising brings about a new social class - Group lies between rich and poor Traditional family structure emerges - Urban families had fewer children that farm families - Western Europe and the U.S.

Closer to 20 th century women began to enter the business world as secretaries and telephone operators - Fewer children required in factories as laborers caused gov’ts in the “west” to establish compulsory education laws Western Europe and the U.S.

Cities developed and grew bigger than ever in history - These conditions lead to sweeping changes in gov’t policies Western Europe and the U.S.

Effects of Industrialization Positive or negative effects? On what social class?

Positive Effects Increased world productivity Synthetic materials are developed New inventions improved quality of life for many Growth of railroads Death rates fell (people ate better and kept cleaner) Birth rates fell (family planning practiced because people didn ’ t need large families to ensure survival) Population growth stabilized New entrepreneurs emerge Labor eventually organizes (unions)

Positive Effects New opportunities for women Rise of the middle class – size, power, and wealth expanded Social structure becomes more flexible Mechanization increased farm production Application of science to study of health resulted in preventative medicine (?) Steamship travel allowed for Europeans to reach interior of continents

Negative Effects Handicraft workers were displaced (some fall into poverty) Child labor used in factories & mines Miserable working conditions - workplaces were cramped and dirty year round Monotonous work with heavy, noisy, repetitive machinery Dangerous working conditions – fingers, limbs & lives lost Long working hours – six days a week Rigid schedules ruled each day Gas, candle & oil lamps created soot and smoke in factories Diseases such as pneumonia & tuberculosis spread through factories

Negative Effects Coal dust in coal mines led to breathing problems Labor unrest leads to demonstrations (sometimes violent) Strikes take place Women were paid less than men (were actually preferred) Indentured workers Employers had a more impersonal relationship with employees Tenement housing was poorly constructed, crowded, and cold Human and industrial waste contaminated water supplies – typhoid and cholera spread

Negative Effects Air pollution increased over cities and industrial areas Technological changes eroded the balance of power in Europe Contributed to the growth of imperialism and communism (Marx ’ s & Engels ’ theories) Produced weaponry that gave Western nations a military advantage over developing nations