Note: 90% of the driving task is visual! Topic 2 Lesson 1 Vision Gaining Visual Information - Focus Vision - Central Vision - Peripheral Vision Note: 90% of the driving task is visual! T – 3.8

Driver’s Useful Vision Areas Gathering Useful Visual Information Topic 2 Lesson 2 Driver’s Useful Vision Areas Gathering Useful Visual Information Focus Vision Area (Focal) Includes 3 to 5 degrees of useful information that is used when: Targeting Establishing a Visual Lead Reading Signs and Interpreting Signals T – 3.10

Driver’s Useful Vision Areas Gathering Useful Visual Information Topic 2 Lesson 2 Driver’s Useful Vision Areas Gathering Useful Visual Information Central Vision Area 30 to 36 degrees of useful information that includes: Referencing Vehicle Position to Roadway Viewing Path of Travel Viewing Line of Sight to Target Area T – 3.11

Driver’s Useful Vision Areas Gathering Useful Visual Information Topic 2 Lesson 2 Gathering Useful Visual Information Peripheral Vision Peripheral Vision Peripheral Vision 175-180 degrees of useful information that detects: Motion Changes Color Changes T – 3.12

Visual Fields in Operation Topic 2 Lesson 3 Capacity of Visual Fields Focus Vision Focus Vision Visual Lead, Targeting, Signs, Signals Central Vision Central Vision Referencing, Path of Travel, Sightlines Peripheral Vision Peripheral Vision Motion and Color Changes T – 3.13

Ability to see your path of travel How you are going to get from point A (where you are) to point B (where you want to go) B A LINE OF SIGHT Ability to see your path of travel

Line of Sight/Path of Travel Topic 2 Lesson 3 Line of Sight/Path of Travel Line of Sight Limitations or Restrictions When line of sight is restricted or blocked: adjust speed until visual lead, target area, and the line of sight are restored. Target T – 3.15

Effect of Speed on Vision and Steering Topic 2 Lesson 4 Effect of Speed on Vision and Steering VISUAL FIELDS NARROW As speed increases: central vision narrows and blurs peripheral vision decreases changes in steering will cause exaggerated vehicle movements T – 3.16

Effect of Speed on Vision Topic 2 Lesson 4 Effect of Speed on Vision As speed increases, look farther ahead of your vehicle to increase line of sight (LOS) and search your path of travel (POT) to: allow more time to gather information; place more space between other users and your vehicle so sudden steering changes are held to a minimum. T – 3.17

Vehicle Balance Front Rear Topic 4 Lesson 2 Vehicle Balance refers to the distribution of the weight of the vehicle on the tires as they meet the ground. Front DROPS Weight Shifts Change Vehicle Balanced LIFTS Rear Accelerating, braking, or steering shifts the vehicle’s weight and affects vehicle balance. T – 2.28

Vehicle Balance Optimum balance is achieved at rest Topic 4 Lesson 1 Vehicle Balance Optimum balance is achieved at rest Balance is affected by: a. suspension and tire pressure 3. These weight transfers occur when the amount of weight or force pulling on each tire changes: Roll: vehicle’s weight shifts from side to side Pitch: vehicle’s weight shifts forward or backward Yaw: vehicle’s rear tire weight shifts to one side T – 2.24

ROLL Changing Vehicle Load from Side to Side is caused by: Topic 4 Lesson 1 ROLL Changing Vehicle Load from Side to Side is caused by: Steering Wheel Movements Brake Application and Steering Combinations Slope of pavement T – 2.26

PITCH Changing Vehicle Load from Front to Rear (Pitch) Topic 4 Lesson 2 Changing Vehicle Load from Front to Rear (Pitch) Light accelerator pressure Releasing the brake Progressive accelerator pressure Thrust accelerator pressure Changing Vehicle Load from Rear to Front (Pitch) Releasing the accelerator Controlled braking (Squeeze on) Threshold braking Trail braking (Squeeze off) T – 2.27

YAW Vehicle’s rear tire weight shifts to one side during: Topic 4 Lesson 1 YAW Vehicle’s rear tire weight shifts to one side during: Brake Application and Steering Combinations T – 2.26

Causes of Traction Loss Topic 5 Lesson 2 Causes of Traction Loss Condition of the Vehicle 1. Brakes unevenly adjusted -Brakes pulling in one direction or the other can cause a skid--as can wheels out of alignment when brakes are applied 2. Tires with unevenly worn tread - The size of the front and rear tires do Not matched or the tread depth or tire type of the front and rear tires are different 3. Different tire pressure on opposite sides of the vehicle 4. Sudden steering actions (changes in the vehicle’s weight distribution) 5. Panic stop or applying the brakes too hard on a hill, curve or slippery surface 6. abrupt or sudden changes in vehicle speed Driver Actions that may cause loss of traction Most driver-induced skids are caused by: excessive speed coupled with excessive steering input or improper braking when turning **Loss of traction also occurs with these driver’s actions at normal speeds on ice/snow or on roadways covered by sand, gravel, or water T – 8.37

Space Management System Topic 2 Lesson 4 Good Drivers Develop a Space Management System S earch E valuate E xecute i n T ime T-3.20a

Searching Identifying high risk situations Gaining information Topic 3 Lesson 1 Identifying high risk situations Effective searching techniques Having time to identify hazards Keeping stable scanning eye movements Getting a large view of the roadway Establishing a line of sight and path of travel position Gaining information Effectively managing space Looking for changing areas Looking for open areas Looking for closed areas T – 3.21

RECOGNIZING high risk situations Topic 3 Lesson 1 Evaluating RECOGNIZING high risk situations Potential and Critical Hazards Collision Potential Intersections Curves Position Adjustments Speed Adjustments Reduced Line of Sight T – 3.22

Controlled/threshold braking Progressive acceleration Evaluating Topic 3 Lesson 1 Decision-making Preventing high risk situations Maintain open LOS, POT, and proper lane position Manage time and space Controlling high risk situations Maintain an open line of sight (LOS) and path of travel (POT) Motion control Controlled/threshold braking Progressive acceleration Steering control Hand-to-hand Evasive action T – 3.23

Executing in response to Topic 3 Lesson 1 Executing Speed changes Lane position changes Space control in response to risk or danger traffic conditions roadway conditions vehicle balance T – 3.24